Chap. IV. MANNEE OF DEVELOPMENT. 1 09 



from 12,000 corpses how often each course prevails. 3 

 The muscles are eminently variable : thus those of the 

 foot were found by Prof. Turner 4 not to be strictly 

 alike in any two out of fifty bodies ; and in some the 

 deviations were considerable. Prof. Turner adds that 

 the power of performing the appropriate movements 

 must have been modified in accordance with the several 

 deviations. Mr. J. Wood has recorded 5 the occurrence 

 of 295 muscular variations in thirty-six subjects, and in 

 another set of the same number no less than 558 varia- 

 tions, reckoning both sides of the body as one. In the 

 last set, not one body out of the thirty-six was " found 

 " totally wanting in departures from the standard de- 

 " scriptions of the muscular system given in anatomical 

 " text-books." A single body presented the extraordi- 

 nary number of twenty-five distinct abnormalities. The 

 same muscle sometimes varies in many ways : thus 

 Prof. Macalister describes 6 no less than twenty distinct 

 variations in the palmaris accessorius. 



The famous old anatomist, Wolff, 7 insists that the 

 internal viscera are more variable than the external 

 parts: Nulla particula est quw non aliter et aliier in 

 aliis se habeat hominibus. He has even written a treatise 

 on the choice of typical examples of the viscera for 

 representation. A discussion on the beau-ideal of the 

 liver, lungs, kidneys, &c, as of the human face divine, 

 sounds strange in our ears. 



The variability or diversity of the mental faculties 

 in men of the same race, not to mention the greater 



3 ' Anatomy of the Arteries,' by E. Quain. 



4 ' Transact. Eoyal Soc.' Edinburgh, vol. xxiv. p. 1.75, 189. 



5 * Proc, Eoyal Soc.' 1867, p. 544 ; also 1868, p. 483, 524. There is 

 a previous paper, 1866, p. 229. 



6 ' Proc. E. Irish Academy,' vol. x. 1868, p. 141. 



7 ' Act. Acad.,' St. Petersburg, 1778, part ii. p. 217. 



