FEWKES: RELATIONSHIP OF SUN TEMPLE 219 



ologist; but so far as I am aware, evidence is strong that they 

 belong to the second type of circular kivas, those with flat roofs 

 and destitute of columns for support of the roof beams. 



One of the so-called towers described by Professor Holmes is 

 said by him to be 140 (138) feet in diameter, this dimension sug- 

 gesting a large ceremonial building like Sun Temple rather than 

 a tower or kiva. I suspect that, if the architecture of the build- 

 ing containing the tower referred to by Professor Holmes were 

 better known, it would be found to- have a straight wall on the 

 side above the cliff and a D-shaped, rather than a circular, wall 

 about it. 



Another " tower" described by the same author as set in the 

 midst of secular rooms is evidently a kiva with two encircling 

 walls, surrounded by rooms separated by partitions. The strong 

 resemblence of the Annex, or western end of Sun Temple, to such 

 a tower leaves little doubt that both were identical in use, being 

 sacred enclosures. In a comparison of the Annex with one of 

 the McElmo towers we find in the middle a circular room around 

 which are arranged other rooms, irregularly placed in the former, 

 and modified on one side by confluence with an attachment to 

 the original (main) building. Both have, in the center, cere- 

 monial rooms known as kivas which belong, however, to a type 

 different from the subterranean kivas of Cliff Palace. 7 



As has been elsewhere pointed out, we have in the Mesa Verde 

 culture area circular kivas belonging to two types, one of which, 

 the more common, is subterranean, with vaulted roofs supported 

 on pilasters attached to the inner walls, characteristic ventilators 

 and deflectors, and (generally) a ceremonial opening in the floor 

 styled the sipapn. These may be designated vaulted-roofed 

 kivas. The second, or flat-roofed type, to which, en passant, 

 it may be said the towers above considered are related, appar- 

 ently had no pilasters to support the low vaulted roof; conse- 

 quently the roofs are flat, the ends of the supporting beams ex- 

 tending across the chamber with their extremities resting on the 

 walls of the room, not from one pilaster to another. Some 



7 Semicircular, or D-shaped, Sun temples occur also in Peruvian ruins. 



