safford: pan-pipes of peru 183 



Prior to recasting the analysis into mineralogical composition 

 portions of the pulp analyzed were examined in index solutions, 

 in order to determine what compounds other than copper sili- 

 cate should be recognized. Kaolinite is present along numerous 

 cracks in the specimen, but it was impossible to estimate its 

 relative amount. There is present, however, a considerable 

 amount of amorphous material which breaks as does the chrys- 

 ocolla and which has a refractive index lower than 1.45. It 

 was identified as opal. One hundred grains were examined in 

 each of ten portions of the pulp analyzed with the result that 

 on the average 9 out of each 100 were opal, the maximum range 

 being 5 to 14 with most of the counts approximating the average 

 value. Many of the grains were in part amorphous and in part 

 crystallized, so that the average value is based on numerous esti- 

 mates in addition to the actual count. The. percentage of opal 

 in the material as thus determined corresponds well with that 

 calculated from the analysis and serves as a check on the cal- 

 culation. In the recasting of the analysis alumina was assumed 

 to determine the amount of kaolinite; copper, zinc and calcium 

 oxides to determine the amount of chrysocolla; and the balance 

 was considered as opal. This gives an opal with 3.85 per cent 

 of water, a reasonable amount. 



ANTHROPOLOGY.— Pan-pipes of Peru. William Edwin 

 Safford, Bureau of Plant Industry.^ 



In 1887, while on a cruise in the South Pacific, the writer found 

 in a prehistoric grave at Arica, on the coast of Chile near the 

 Peruvian boundary, a pair of pan-pipes made of several graduated 

 reeds, very similar in form to the syrinx, or fistula, of the ancient 

 Greeks and Romans. This discovery inspired him with a desire 

 to learn what he could regarding the occurrence of similar instru- 

 ments in America and their possible connection wdth the classic 

 instruments of the old world. Afterwards, while acting as com- 

 missioner to Peru and Bolivia, for the World's Columbian Expo- 

 sition, the writer encountered at Puno, on the Peruvian shore of 



' Read before the Anthropological Society of Washington at the meeting of 

 March 3, 1914. 



