264 proceedings: chemical society 



by their relatively higher or lower percentages of certain oxides. As 

 to relative distribution,, the following facts have been established: 

 Alumina and the alkalies usually accompany high silica while calcium 

 and iron go with low silica. Iron is accompanied by sodium, magne- 

 sium by potassium. Calcium accompanies aluminum predominantly. 

 Cerium and yttrium, the radioactive elements, lithium, and fluorine 

 all occur predominantly in the sodic rocks. The iron bearing rocks 

 are the usual habitat of nickel and vanadium. Magnesian rocks 

 hold the chromium and the platinum metals. Rocks high in potash 

 are relatively rare. There seem to be two kinds of association: (1) 

 Physico-chemical; (2) association in petrographic provinces. The 

 distribution of barium and scandium seems to be of the latter type. 



Discussion: CUarke pointed out that many elements formerly con- 

 sidered rare are widely distributed and present in greater percentages 

 than are those elements usually considered common. Most of these 

 are elements of lower atomic weight than copper. In reply to questions 

 it was stated that titanium occurs usually either as a constituent of 

 pyroxenes or in ilmenite in ores. Beryllia is also more widely dis- 

 tributed than usually supposed, but its analytical separation from 

 alumina has never been well worked out. 



W. 0. Emery and S. Palkin of the Bureau of Chemistry: The 

 estimation of antipyrin. Presented by Mr. Palkin. The methods 

 described depend upon the formation of an iodo-antipyrin and its 

 reduction by sulfur dioxide in alcoholic or acetic acid solution. The 

 widest variation by these methods is 0.8 per cent on 250 milligrams. 



R. E. Lee, of the Corby Company: The GuiUaume apparatus for the 

 distillation and rectification of alcohol. The American apparatus for 

 alcohol production requires two stages of rectification, while the Euro- 

 pean Guillaume is continuous. The latter also yields 90 per cent as 

 against 60 to 65 for the American. The apparatus and process were 

 described in detail with the aid of diagrams. 



Andrews, Tolman, and others asked questions, to which the speaker 

 replied that live and exhaust steam enter the beer column together and 

 are at nearly the same pressure ; also that the columns are not jacketed. 



The 238th meeting was held at the Cosmos Club on Monday, April 

 20, 1914. Dr. C. E. Kenneth Mees, Director of the Research Labora- 

 tory of the Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, spoke on The phy- 

 sical chemistry of photography. He discussed the physico-chemical 

 principles of photographic development and the question of standard 

 light sources for photographic research, and described the lines of work 

 now being carried on at the Laboratory, illustrating his descriptions 

 with lantern slides. 



In the discussion which followed, questions were asked by Sosman 

 and others about research on photographic papers. Dr. Mees replied 

 that the principal difficulty has been in the measurement of reflecting 

 power, for which he is now using the Bechstein illuminometer. The 

 question of production of spots in plates by bacteria was discussed by 

 Andrews, SuUivan and Dr. Mees. 



Robert B. Sosman, Secretary. 



