proceedings: anthropological society 341 



ter, born with the individual or developed through the environment. 

 He first considered the relative conditions, at the time of the dis- 

 covery, of the territories now known as the United States and Latin 

 America; and, second, the type of the first settlers. The discoverers 

 found Latin-American territories organized into semi-civilized states but 

 Anglo-American territory occupied by savages. Two very different 

 types came to America. The Anglo-Americans were oppressed and 

 persecuted by religious intolerance; the Latin Americans were adven- 

 turous soldiers of fortune. The former came to build up new homes ; the 

 latter, to tear down, to destroy, and to carry away everything they 

 could lay their hands upon. The first Latin Americans were valiant, 

 but ignorant and unscrupulous, principally from a country where religious 

 bigotry was rampant. They were an admixture of virtues and vices 

 and in marked contrast to the men who came to the shores of Ncav 

 England. Whereas the Anglo-Americans acquired the land as settlers 

 and drove the natives westward, the Latin-American military forces 

 overthrew native governments and established themselves as the govern- 

 ing class, reducing the Indians often to slavery. 



While the Anglo-American settlers brought their families, the Latin 

 Americans did not until many years after the Conquest, but took to 

 themselves Indian women. The offspring became the "mestizos," a 

 mixed race that the pure Castilians of Spain never countenanced. 

 Later the Creoles came into existence, the offspring of European parents 

 born in America. The mixing of races was finally encouraged by the 

 Spanish monarchy, the idea being to create a great middle class of uni- 

 form race. Soldiers were allowed a great amount of hberty. Before 

 1800 A.D. the mestizo population of Peru exceeded 25O,0OO. While 

 some mestizos received an education and were brought up with Creole 

 children, most were kept in ignorance. Wliile Anglo-Americans readily 

 acquired the art of self-government, the Latin-American peoples cUd not ; 

 they knew how to rule, not how to govern. So, for more than two 

 centuries, the Europeans and the Creoles ruled the mestizos and the 

 Indians. The mestizo is nearer the Caucasian than the Indian ; physi- 

 cally and moralh'^ he is superior to the Indian. Although of less active 

 intelligence than the European or the Creole, he is more strong-willed 

 and painstaking. In the early days the mestizo who had one parent of 

 rank was placed on an equal footing with the Creole; but as the mestizos 

 became more numerous, the Spaniards began to distrust them and pre- 

 vented them from obtaining certain social positions or much education. 

 All these years the Indians were oppressed, even by the mestizos. After 

 two hundred j^ears of hatred and distrust these elements eventually, out 

 of sheer exhaustion, became apparently reconciled to their respective 

 conditions. The colonial nationality, which was finally evolved, was 

 thus formed of Creoles and mestizos and might have been a beneficent 

 one if it had had time to develop. Ideas of republicanism were adopted 

 from the United States and from France without preparation for self- 

 government, such as the people of the United States had. In the later 

 nationality of the Latin-American countries there were, therefore, racial 



