lotka: objective standard of value 409 



mkaskimagwan"' (J. 370.14) he that might entice him [wl- used as in 

 the conjunctive; kAski-, 16; -m-, 21, 37], dmikAskindwaswigwdn°' he who 

 shall contrive to outrun me (obtained in the translation of an EngHsh 

 sentence), md'kwdnetAmogivdn'^ (M.) he who shall remember it 

 [change of stem-vowel, 3S;7ne'kw-, 16; -d7ie-, 18; -t-, 21, 37], wVpwdwinah- 

 imAmdtutAmogwdn" (M.) he who shall not know how to worship 

 them (inan.) [wl- and pwdwi-a,s in the conjunctive; nahi-, 16; via, 25; 

 mdtu-, 16; -t-, 21, 37], vn'o'kumese'iwAgdn'^ (M.) whoever we (incl.) 

 SHALL HAVE FOR OUR (incl.) GRANDMOTHER [for incorporations of this 

 type, see Michelson, Am. Anthropologist, N. S., XV, p. 474 ff.; o-, 45 at 

 end; -i-, 20; m- as above]. Evidently the endings of the interrogative 

 participial bear a relation to those of the interrogative conjunctive 

 similar to that which the terminations of the ordinar}^ participial [33] 

 do to those of the ordinary conjunctive [29], as is shown by the terminal " 

 of the former as compared with the terminal ^ of the latter. The parti- 

 cipial character of the forms under discussion is furthermore guaranteed 

 by the occurrence of the characteristic change in the stem-vowel. Un- 

 fortunately it has not been possible thus far to obtain a complete series 

 either from texts or by direct questions. 



ECONOMICS. — An objective standard of value derived from the 

 principle of evolution, — I. Alfred J. Lotka. Communi- 

 cated by G. K. Burgess. 



Value primarily subjective and personal; definition. Any pos- 

 sessable quantity which has properties rendering it desirable to an 

 individual A is said to have value for that individual. Value has 

 thus primarily a subjective and personal connotation. 



Elimination of the personal element. As members of one bio- 

 logical species all men resemble each other more or less closely in 

 their tastes. Hence, a commodity which has value for one 

 individual has, as a rule, a somewhat similar value for other 

 individuals also. In a community in which a variety of goods 

 are offered for sale, the price obtainable on the open market 

 depends not upon the value set upon them by any one individual, 

 but by a group of individuals, the potential purchasers. Value in 

 such case, while still subjective, is no longer a purely personal 

 matter. 



