220 HOWARD: CARRIAGE OF DISEASE BY INSECTS 



the household ant), the latrine fly (Fannia scalaris), and other 

 insects were mentioned rather incidentally. 



Under the second category the biting flies that carry anthrax 

 were mentioned, and illustrated (as, in fact, was the entire address) 

 by lantern slides. Under this head also, carriage of bubonic 

 plague by rat-fleas was discussed at some length. 



Under the third category, insects as essential hosts of patho- 

 genic organisms, attention was called to certain tapeworms 

 which have alternate hosts in insects or other arthropods and 

 domestic' animals, especial mention being made of Hymenolepis 

 diminuata which lives commonly in the intestines of rats and 

 mice and has as its alternate hosts certain insects which feed 

 in meal, so that man may become affected by eating dejecta 

 of such insects in dirty cereals. The carriage of Filaria nocturna 

 by Culex fatigans (quinquefasciatus), and Ransom's discovery 

 of the house fly parasite Habronema muscae as a stomach para- 

 site of the horse, and the pig parasite (Echinorynchus gigas) 

 sometimes occurring in man, with its alternate hosts as the larvae 

 of cockchafers in Europe and the common white grubs (larvae of 

 Lachnosterna) in the United States, were described. 



Then followed a longer consideration of mosquitoes and 

 malaria, and mosquitoes and yellow fever. 



Under the head of trypanomiases, the carriage of the nagana 

 of African cattle by Glossina morsitans and the sleeping sickness 

 of Africa carried by Glossina palpalis were mentioned, as well 

 as the wasting disease of children in Brazil known as opilacao, 

 caused by Trypanosoma cruzii and possess' ng a definitive host 

 in the large biting true bug Conorhinus megistus 



Then followed a consideration of insects and leishmamoses, 

 ticks and spirochaetoses, including some detailed account of 

 ticks and the Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A fuller consider- 

 ation was given to typhus fever and lice. 



Stating that the carriage of typhus fever by the body-louse 

 was first demonstrated by Ricketts in the City of Mexico, where 

 this discoverer lost h ; s life from this fever in the course of his 

 investigations, mention was made of the tremendous death 

 rate from this disease during the last Balkan war in Serbia and 



