274 proceedings: anthropological society 



The effect of movements of alien peoples and beliefs into Malaysia, 

 in historic times, was also sketched. Traces of the Hindu-Buddist 

 movement are evident especially in the folk-lore; while the great ef- 

 fects of the introduction of Mohammedism and Christianty on the 

 bulk of the population are a part of historic record. 



The greater part of the evening was devoted to a description of the 

 most fundamental facts of the religious, social, and economic life of 

 three pagan tribes — the Bagobo of Southern Mindanao, the Bontoc 

 Igorot, and the Tinguian of Northern Luzon. 



The Bagobo live on the lower slopes of Mt. Apo, the highest moun- 

 tain of the Philippines. Near the summit of this mountain is a deep 

 fissure from which clouds of sulphur fumes and steam are continually 

 rising, while frequent earthquakes give evidence of latent energy. In 

 this peak a great host of spirits are supposed to dwell, but the most 

 powerful are Mandarangan and Darago, a male and a female, who are 

 the patrons of the warriors and in whose honor human sacrifices are 

 held each year. Other spirits look after the workers in brass and in 

 iron, and the weavers, and some dwell in the fields and protect the 

 crops; while each family has its special protecting spirit. Offerings 

 of food both cereal and of flesh and blood are made to all of these, as 

 well as to the low mean spirits which seek to injure mortals; but to 

 the greatest and most powerful of all the spirits only white offerings 

 of rice and the like are presented. There is also a belief in a class of 

 powerful spirits who inhabit the realms above the earth. These be- 

 ings take no interest in the affairs of men, and no offerings or suppli- 

 cations are made to them. Each person is thought to have two spirits 

 or souls — one on the right side and one on the left. The first of these 

 finally goes to the land of the dead, while the second continues to 

 roam the earth as a flesh devouring buso, or evil spirit. 



The Bagobo are ruled over by dato or petty rulers, who in turn are 

 subservient to the chief dato. Slavery and polygamy are both found 

 in the tribe, but the slavery is of a mild type, and it is possible for the 

 members of this class to become merged into the general population. 

 Agriculture is of great importance, though conducted in a very primi- 

 tive fashion, but rice terraces are quite unknown. 



Going to Northern Luzon Dr. Cole showed the Igorot and Tinguian 

 living under similar geographic conditions, their territories joining 

 along the northwestern, border of Bontoc. The whole belt is exceed- 

 ingly mountainous, the jungle being absent except in the deep valleys, 

 and the rivers are small except during the rainy season when they 

 become rushing torrents. Under these conditions it would be impos- 

 sible to support a large population either bjr hunting or fishing, and 

 the people have taken seriously to agriculture. The rugged nature of 

 the land has caused them to terrace the mountain sides and in con- 

 nection with these elevated fields, an elaborate system of irrigation has 

 been worked out. Both tribes have, until recent years, been ardent 

 head hunters, but the motives for taking the skull as well as the final 

 disposition of the trophy varies in the two districts. In language 



