proceedings: biological society 359 



4. The Pleistocene fossils in No. 2 are there because the animals 

 died there. They were not washed in from the region further back, 

 principally because there were no fossils there to be washed in. 



5. The Pleistocene fossils of No. 2 belong to the early Pleistocene, 

 as shown by the character of the species and the high percentage (74) 

 of the extinct forms. 



6. The Pleistocene fossils in No. 3 represent animals which died 

 there. They were not washed in from above. They were not washed 

 up from No. 2, because of (a) frequent association of parts of the same 

 skeleton, (b) the good state of preservation, (c) the early protection of 

 No. 2 from erosion by the blanket of muck, No. 3. 



7. So far as determined, the extinct species in No. 3 form about 

 44 per cent of the whole number — almost exactly the same as in the 

 case of the Conard fissure in Arkansas. The fauna just referred to 

 probably belongs to the Illinoian stage. 



8. Possibly the geological conditions may permit the conclusion that 

 some parts of No. 2 were reworked about the middle of the Pleistocene 

 and that then the human bones were included. 



9. There are independent evidences that man with a culture much 

 like that of modern Indians existed in America during approximately 

 the Sangamon stage. Some of these are: 



a. The finding of a human pelvis below the loess at Natchez and 

 associated with extinct animals. 2 



b. The discovery of flint arrow-heads at Muscatine, Iowa. 3 



c. The finding, at Muscatine, of flint chips at a depth of 10 feet in 

 a gravel bed from which an elephant tooth had been taken. 4 



(I. The discoverv of a stone axe at Council Bluffs in loess at a depth 

 of 35 feet, 5 



e. The finding of a stone axe near St. Louis in loess at a depth of 

 14 feet, 6 



/. The finding, of a flint arrow-head under the scapula of an extinct 

 bison in Kansas by Mr. H. T. Martin. 7 



We may not be able to rely absolutely on any one of these reputed 

 finds; but taken together they are cumulative and produce a proba- 

 bility of man's existence in Pleistocene times. 



10. Man had his origin probably in southern Asia. From this 

 region, and not from Europe, were peopled the other continents and 

 the islands of the seas. A people as advanced as many modern In- 

 dians may have reached America long before the Cro-Magnons had 

 been able to dispossess the fierce Heidelbergers and Neanderthalers 

 who had preoccupied Europe. 



2 Dickeson. Proc. Phila. Acad., 3: 106. 1896. 



3 Witter. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 1890-1891: 67. 



* Op. cit. 



B Udden. Iowa Geol. Surv., 11: 261. 

 6 Peterson. Record of the Past, 2: 26. 



• Amer. Geo!., 30: 313. 



