Chap. IV.] MANNER OF DEVELOPMENT. 115 



also, of the lungs are larger and more numerous than in 

 Europeans. These observations have been doubted ; but 

 Mr. D. Forbes carefully measured many Aymaras, an allied 

 race, living at the height of between ten and fifteen thou- 

 sand feet ; and he informs me 32 that they differ conspicu- 

 ously from the men of all other races seen by him, in the 

 circumference and length of their bodies. In his table of 

 measurements, the stature of each man is taken at 1,000, 

 and the other measurements are reduced to this standard. 

 It is here seen that the extended arms of the Aymaras are 

 shorter than those of Europeans, and much shorter than 

 those of Negroes. The legs are likewise shorter, and they 

 present this remarkable peculiarity, that in every Aymara 

 measured the femur is actually shorter than the tibia. On 

 an average the length of the femur to that of the tibia is 

 as 211 to 252 ; while in two Europeans measured at the 

 same time, the femora to the tibise were as 244 to 230 ; 

 and in three Negroes as 258 to 241. The humerus is like- 

 wise shorter relatively to the forearm. This shortening 

 of that part of the limb which is nearest to the body, ap- 

 pears to be, as suggested to me by Mr. Forbes, a case of 

 compensation in relation with the greatly-increased length 

 of the trunk. The Aymaras present some other singular 

 points of structure, for instance, the very small projection 

 of the heel. 



These men are so thoroughly acclimatized to their cold 

 and lofty abode, that when formerly carried down by the 

 Spaniards to the low eastern plains, and when now tempt- 

 ed down by high wages to the gold-washings, they suffer 

 a frightful rate of mortality. Nevertheless, Mr. Forbes 

 found a few pure families which had survived during two 

 generations ; and he observed that they still inherited 

 their characteristic peculiarities. But it was manifest, 



32 Mr. Forbes' s valuable paper is now published in the ' Journal of tho 

 Ethnological Soc. of London,' new series, vol. ii. 1870, p. 193. 



