292 THE PRINCIPLES OF [Part II. 



for instance, in Livonia, as 104 to 100. 34 It is a still more 

 singular fact that in different nations, tinder different con- 

 ditions and climates, in Naples, Prussia, Westphalia, 

 France, and England, the excess of male over female 

 births is less when they are illegitimate than when legiti- 

 mate. 36 



In various parts of Europe, according to Prof. Fayc 

 and other authors, " a still greater preponderance of males 

 would be met with, if death struck both sexes in equal 

 proportion in the womb and during birth. But the fact 

 is that, for every 100 still-born females, we have in sev- 

 eral countries from 134.6 to 144.9 still-born males." More- 

 over during the first four or five years of life more male 

 children die than females ; for example, in England, dur- 

 ing the first year, 126 boys die for every 100 girls — a pro- 

 portion Avhich in France is still more unfavorable." 36 As 

 a consequence of this excess in the death-rate of male 

 children, and of the exposure of men when adult to vari- 

 ous dangers, and of their tendency to emigrate, the fe- 

 males in all old-settled countries, where statistical records 

 have been kept, 37 are found to preponderate considerably 

 over the males. 



34 In regard to the Jews, see M. Thury, ' La Loi de Production des 

 Sexes,' 1863, p. 25. 



35 Babbage, 'Edinburgh Journal of Science,' 1829, vol. i. p. 88; also 

 p. 90, on still-born children. On illegitimate children in England, see 

 'Report of Registrar-General for 1866,' p. xv. 



36 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1867, p. 343. 

 Dr. Stark also remarks (' Tenth Annual Report of Births, Deaths, etc., in 

 Scotland,' 1867, p. xxviii.) that "these examples may suffice to show that, 

 at almost every stage of life, the males in Scotland have a greater liabil- 

 ity to death and a higher death-rate than the females. The fact, how- 

 ever, of this peculiarity being most strongly developed at that infantile 

 period of life when the dress, food, and general treatment of both sexes 

 are alike, seems to prove that the higher male death-rate is an impressed, 

 natural, and constitutional peculiarity due to sex alone." 



With the savage Guaranys of Paraguay, according to the accurate 



37 



