REPORT ON THE SEALS. 155 



border by a twig from the suprascapular, and below by another from the circumflex. In Arcto- 

 cephalus it is supplied by the subscapular nerve and at the insertion by the circumflex. It rotates 

 the limb inwards, but this powerful action is checked by the prominent lesser tuberosity coming 

 against the glenoid. 



The Subscapnilo-capsularis 1 is a small muscular slip under cover of the subscapularis, and is 

 found in the Phocina? and not in Arctocephalus. It arises from the anterior part of the axillary 

 border of the scapula near the glenoid, and from the ventral surface of the scapula, and it is inserted 

 into the ventral aspect of the capsule of the joint, and into the humerus below the lesser tuberosity. 

 In Phoca barbata, in addition, it takes origin from the dorsal surface of the axillary border. 



No notice is taken by the authors frequently quoted of this small muscle in Seals. According 

 to various anatomists it goes either into the capsular ligament or the humerus, but in the dissection 

 of the Phocinae it was seen going to both. It is supplied by the circumflex nerve. 



The Epnsubscapndaris is found in Arctocephalus and not in the Phocinaa. It is a cylindrical 

 muscle overhanging the anterior border of the scapula, the subscapularis, and the supraspinatus 

 muscles. It arises from the inner half of the arched anterior border of the scapula, by a tendinous 

 band on the ventral side, and by muscular fibres on the dorsal edge, also by muscular fibres 

 from the outer half of this border, from the anterior surface of the neck to the glenoid cavity ; and 

 where the neck is covered by the capsule from the anterior surface of it. It makes a bed for itself 

 on the subjacent anterior portions of the supraspinatus and subscapularis, blending with both. 

 In the substance of the muscle, about the middle of the anterior arched border, there is a flat strong 

 tendon, and on both sides of this, throughout its whole extent, many of its fibres are attached. The 

 tendon is inserted into the upper anterior surface of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus ; and the 

 fibres coming from the outer half of the arched border of the scapula which do not ascend to this 

 internal tendon, go transversely outwards to the superior posterior of the lesser tuberosity, and 

 into the superior surface of the capsule of the shoulder. At the insertion this tendon and these 

 fibres are continuous, forming a hook over the lesser tuber ; lastly, it is inserted by a flat bundle of 

 fibres from the part which overlies the ventral anterior surface of the subscapularis, and after crossing 

 its insertion goes into the small part of the lower inner side of the lesser tuberosity, below the 

 insertion of the subscapularis, and into the inner border of the humerus above the teres major 

 insertion. Prom Murie's accounts of the Otaria and Trichcchus, I conclude that he inclines 

 to the episubscapularis being a derivative from the supraspinatus and subscapularis, but from 

 evidence gathered from the Phocinas, I consider it as formed from the subscapularis. It is supplied 

 by the suprascapular nerve. It tilts forwards and outwards the lower end of the humerus. It 

 is principally for forcing the fore-Hmb forwards through the water, and is in place of clavicular 

 deltoid fibres ; it also turns the limb inwards, thus preparing it for the backward stroke. 



The Supraspincdus arises from the supraspinous fossa to the outer side of the insertion of the 

 levator anguli scapulae, from the anterior border of the scapular spine, and from the capsule of 

 the shoulder-joint. Anterior to the neck of the scapula it is fused with the subscapularis. At 

 the vertebral side the muscle is a thin sheet, but anterior to the neck it is thick and fleshy. It is 

 inserted into the outer surface of the lesser tuberosity, into the superior surface of the Ugament 

 stretching between the greater and lesser tubers, and into the upper end of the great tuberosity. 



1 Wenzel Gruber, Ahhandl. am der menschl. und vergleich. Anat., 1854 ; also Macalister, Muscular Anomalies, 

 Dublin, 1872. 



