180 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 



1872. Sars, On some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the Norwegian 



Coast, vol. i. {Hi/<donema longissimum and Hi/aloncma parvum). 



1873. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xii. pp. 76, 347. 



1873. Wyville Thomson, Depths of the Sea, p. 420. 



1874. Gray, Ann. and JIag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol xii. p. 284. 

 1874. E. P. Wright, Proc. Eoy. Irish Acad., vol. i. p. 549. 



1874. Hudlow, Trans. Asiatic Soc. Japan, vol. i. 



187r). Higgin, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xv. p. 377 {Hyalonema cehuense). 



1875. Carter, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xvi. p. 1. 

 1875. Iviistermann, Archiv f. mikrosk. Anat., Bd. xL p. 282. 

 1875. Bowerbank, Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 607. 



1875. Marshall, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool, Suppl.-Bd. xxv. p. 142 {Hyalonema tlwmsonh and 



Hyalonema affine). 



1876. Marshall, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxvii. p. 113. 



1876. Willemoes Suhm, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xxvii. p. xcvii. 



1877. Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic, p. 273 {Hyalonema toxeres). 

 1877. Sollas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xx. p. 285. 



1877. Bowerbank, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 461 {Hyalonema anomalum). 



1877. Young, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 4, vol. xx. p. 425 {Hyalonema smithii). 



1878. Carter, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. ii. p. 157. 



1878. Maggs, Second Annual Report Devonsh. and Cornwall Nat. Hist. Soc, p. 21. 



1879. Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. v. p. 289. 



1880. U. Schmidt, Die Spongien des Meerbiiseus von Mexico, Heft iL 



1880. Norman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 5, vol. vL p. 436. 



1881. Milne-Edwards, Comptes rendus, t, xciii. pp. 876, 931. 



1885. Armauer Hansen, Spongiadie of the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition {Hyalonema 



arcticuni). 



1886. Filhol, La vie au fond des mers, p. 278. 



History. — The first important scientific account of a Hyalonema is given by Gray^ 

 {loc. cit., p. 79). After his description of the Pennatulidse, tlie following remarks 

 are found : — " Here also is placed the extraordinary glass-rope {Hyalonema., Gray), the 

 axis of which is formed of numerous transparent siliceous fibres, slightly twisted together 

 so as to look like a rope of spun glass ; the fibres appear to be somewhat similar to the 

 calcareous spicula of the Alcyonia. These corals are found with their tapering base 

 inserted in a sponge on the coast of Japan. No animal hitherto discovered, except the 

 inhabitant of this extraordinary substance, secretes pure silex." 



Gray gave a more accurate description of this sponge in 1835,^ regarding it as a 

 Gorgonia-like coral with the following generic diagnosis : — " Hyalonema. Corallium 

 simplex, subcylindricum, ad basin cortice coriaceo tuberculato tectum ; tuberculis spar.sis, 

 depressis, polypiferis. Axis e spiculis numerosis, elongatis, filiformibus, subcoutortis, 

 siliceis constans. Polypus ignotus. Hyalonema sieboldii. Hab. apud Japoniam. Dr. 

 Siebold." 



Against the view held by Gray that the siliceous threads are to be regarded as 



' Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum, ed. 27, 1832, London, 12 mo. 

 ^ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. iii. pp. 63-65. 



