(JASTOlUDiti— (JASTOlt— (JASTOlt FIBEE. 433 



seem scarcely distinct from the existing species (C. fiber), whose remains also 

 occur in the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits of Europe and in the Qua- 

 ternary deposits of North America. The existing Beaver is separable into 

 two well-marked subspecies, one of which is restricted to North America, and 

 the other to Europe and Western Asia. 



CASTOR FIBER Linn. 

 Beaver. 



SYNONYMY.* 



Castor fibe>- Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 12th, i, 176G, 78.— Forstek, Phil. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 375.— EnxLEBEN, 

 Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, 440.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 124.— Schrebeh, Siiuget., iv, 1792, 

 623, pi. clxvi (skull), pi. clxxv (animal).— Shaw, Gen. Zool.,ii, 1801,30.— Tiedemann, Zool., i, 

 1808, 481.— Pallas, Zoograpkia Rosso-Asiatica, 1811, 412.— Oken, Naturgesch., iii, 2, 1816, 

 879.— Cuvier, Regne Anim., i, 1817, 186.— Desmarest, Maiura., 1822,277.— Knox, Mem. Wern. 

 Nat. Hist. Soc, iv, 1823, 548 (anatomy). —J. Sabink, Franklin's Journ. to the Polar Sea, 1823, 

 659.— Say, Long's Exped. R. Mts., i, 1823, 464.— Harlan, Fauna Amer., 1825, 122.— Godman, 

 Am. Nat. Hist., ii, 1826, 21.— Griffith's Cuvier's An. King., v, 1827, 207.— Brandt & 

 Ratzeburg, Mediz. Zool., i, 1829, 13, pi. iii, iv, iv a.— Owes, Proc. Zool. S >c. Lond., 1830, 19 

 (anatomy). — Bennktt, Gardens and Menag. Zool. Soc., Quad., i, 1835, 153. — Doughty, Cab. 

 Nat. Hist., iii, 1839, 598, pi. i.— Waterhouse, Charlesvvorth's Mug. Nat. Hist., iii, 1839, 598 

 (figure of skull).— Schinz, Europ. Faun., 1840, 57. — Keyserling & Blasius, Wirbelt. Europ., 

 1840, 31.— Emmons, Quad. Mass., 1840, 51.— Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 38.— DeKay, 

 Nat. Hist. N. York, i, 1842, 72, pi. xx, fig. 1. pi. viii, figs, a, b— Nilsson, Skand. Faun., 1^47, 

 409.— Woodhouse, Sitgreaves's Exped. down the Zuni and Col. Ri v., 1853, 47 (New Mexico).— 

 Giebel, Siiuget., 1855, 019.— Blasius, Naturgesch. Siiuget. Deutscbl., 1857, 405.— Wilson, 

 Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 2d ser., viii, 1858, 1 (fossil ; Scotland; and geog. distr.).— Tiieirot, 

 Verhandl. Ver. f. Naturk. v. Presburg, 1860-61, 21. — Holzl, ib., 96.— Zeittles, ib., 16.— Smith, 

 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 140 (habits Amer. Beav.).— Fitzinger, Zool. Gart., 1864, 273 

 (habits Europ. Beav.).— Rf.eks, Zoologist, 2d ser., 1869, 1953 (Newfoundland).— Cope, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1839, 173 (fossil ; Virginia).— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, 1869, 

 226; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, I860, 190 ; xvii, 1874, 43 ; Bull. Essex Institute, vi, 1874, 

 49, 56, 61, 65. — Lilljeborg, Fauna ofver Sveriges och Norges, 1871, 346. 



Castor canadensis Kuhl, Beitr. z. Zoologie, 1820, 64.— Fischer, Synop. Mam., 1829, 288.— Newberry, 

 Pacif. R. R. Expl. and Surv., vi, iv, 1857, 62 (California and Oregon). — Baird, Mam.N. Amer., 

 1858, 355, pi. xlviii, fig. 1 (skull) ; U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, ii, 1859, 40.— Cooper, Pacif. 

 R. R. Expl. and Surv., xii, ii, 1859, 82 (California, Oregon, and Washington Territory); 

 Amer. Nat., ii, 1868, 533 (Upper Missouri).— Suckley, Pacif. R. R. Expl. and Surv., xii, 1859, 

 ii, 100 (Milk River).— Leidy, Holmes's Post-plioceno Fossils Soulh Carolina, 1860, iii, pi. xxi, 

 fig. 2 (fossil ; Ashley River, S C.) ; Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., v, 1869, 405 (fossil).— 

 Hayden, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, xii, 1862, 146 (Upper Missouri).— Coues, Amer. Nat., i, 

 1867, 362; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 135 (Arizona).— Gilpin, Proc. aud Trans. Nova 

 Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., iii, 1872, 152 (Beaver dams).— Green & Brown, Journ. Linn. Soc. 

 Zool., x, 1869, 361 (uat. hist, and hunting ; Pacific slope of Rocky Mts.). 



Castor fiber var. americanus Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., i, 1829, 105.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's 

 Siiuget., iv, 1844,7.— Audubon &Bachman, North Am. Quad., i, 1849, 347, pi. xlvi. — Wvman, 

 Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts., 2d ser., x, 1850, 61, fig. 4 (fossil ; Memphis, Tenn.).— Morgan & 

 Ely, The Beaver and his Works, 1868, 44, pi. i-xxiii, and 26 woodcuts (general history and 

 anatomy). 



Castor (fiber var. ?) canadensis Coues & Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. and Surveys west 100th Merid., v, Zool., 

 1875, 123 (Colorado, Utah, aud Arizona). 



* Many references additional to those here given to eaily papers ou the general history and 

 anatomy of the Beaver may be found in Brandt, and Ratzeburg's elaborate memoir on this animal 

 (Medizinische Zoologie, 4to, Berlin, i, 1829, pp. 13-30), which is particularly rich in references to pre- 

 Linnaean works. Dr. Cues (see Bibliographical appendix to this article) has also kindly added other 

 references to the American Beaver. 

 28 M 



