32 



In conclusion, il seems that the male genital armature, irrespective 

 of the intromitte.nl organ, consists of a supra-anal plate, a recurved spine 

 (usually simple ;m<l acute), and of a pair of large, subspaf ulate, usually 

 simple, lateral claspers; and thai all these parts are usually concealed by the 

 large, square, and open, or conical and (dosed terminal (in the imago) segment 

 el' the abdomen, which is necessarily ruptured before: the parts can lie put to 

 their normal use. 



The male armature is much simpler in the Phalcenidce than in some 

 of (lie Nbctuidoe, where the lateral claspers are often very complicated (as in 

 Hadena destructor'), though they are much as in Agrotis tessellata. The supra- 

 anal plate and spine arc much alike in certain genera of the two families. 

 1 doubt, however, if any reliable family characters, separating the Noctuidce 

 from the Phalcenidce, can be drawn from the genital armature. 



§ 7. COMPARISON Willi OTHER FAMILIES OF LEPIDOrTERA. 



Comparing the denuded head of the Phalcenidce we have described 

 with a typical Noctuid, such as Mamestra arctica, the eyes in the Phalcenidce 

 are fuller, more spherical, nearer together; the clypeus much longer and 

 narrower; the epicranium is a little smaller in proportion, narrower, and 

 more elevated, while the occiput is longer in proportion to the width; the 

 labrura is rather smaller and shorter, while the maxilla; are shorter, smaller, 

 and weaker. Indeed, the shortness of the occiput in Mamestra carries the 

 whole front back, and it is less vertical than in the Phalcenidce. This is seen 

 especially in Eutrapela and Cydbnon, where the front of the head is much 

 longer and narrower than in the Noctuidce. 



Now, turning to the hitherto doubtful genera Doryodcs and Pachycnemia, 

 they agree well with the relations of parts in Mamestra. The head is much 

 alike in both of these genera ; the ocelli are nearly as large in proportion, 

 and as shining black, as in Mamestra, in color differing entirely from the 

 ocelli of the Phalcenidce, which are almost indistinguishable in color from 

 the surface of the head. In these two genera, also, the epicranium is larger 

 than in any Phalsenid known to me, forcing back, as it were, the occiput out 

 of sight, the latter being very short, merely a transverse rim on the posterior 

 edge of the head. The clypeus in Doryodes is scarcely longer than its width 

 at the base, and it is still shorter in Pachycnemia, with the edge thickened 



