SCALES OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 207 



pillars appear to support the membranes of the closed sac, and often 

 bright beads are seen accompanying the villi. The effects below it 

 are very striking in different focal planes. 



IV. Ciliated Villi. Delicate hairlets spring from the base of 

 the villi, assuming fantastic forms, spiral, anastomosed, contorted, 

 twisted, spreading, rising and falling in different focal planes, 

 which (when compressed by a touch of the object glass) adhere 

 flatly to the unribbed membrane. 



V. Connected Villi. Impossible to describe in writing without 

 elaborate plates. 



VI. Banana or Bunched Villi. Several villi appear to start 

 from one root, and branch up like a bunch of bananas, i.e., before 

 they have been squeezed down. These branches define beautifully 

 with two black margins ; yet I judge them to be solid, transparent 

 filaments. Some of the Zygoma scales exhibit very strange- look- 

 ing bunches attached to one root, apparently piercing both the 

 upper and lower membranes, thus securing firm pillar attach- 

 ments. 



VII. Spinous Villi. Zygoma minos. Abrupt short cross-bars, 

 being villi flattened down. There are two sets, one for each mem- 

 brane. The very delicate pale scales show up the best. 



VIII. Tall Villi. Zygoma ephialtes. Most curious hair-like 

 appendages on under side of scales. Large bases to villi. Double 

 ribbing occasionally, which twist together the lower ribs into odd 

 shapes. Cylindrical fibres embodying most grotesque forms all 

 along the median line. Rather tali mushroom-like villi. 



