proceedings: anthropological society 209 



"The first Irish colonization in Scotland took place toward the end 

 of the second century, but the kingdom of Dalriada was not effected 

 until the close of the fifth. It is these Scotti who have given theii- 

 name to Scotland. The relations between the two countries was very 

 close and lasted for a thousand years, or at least up to the Uefoima- 

 tion, and the early literature and civilization of Scotland belong to 

 Ireland. The Scottish (laelic reached its greatest extent in the eleventh 

 century, when the Anglian-Celtic linguistic line ran from Tweed to 

 Solway and to the Pent land Frith. The fine has since been receding. 

 Of the three parts into which Scotland is naturally divided, the larger 

 part of the central and all of the northern, with the exception of the 

 northeast part of Caithness, the Orkneys, and the Shetlands, is Gaelic- 

 speaking. The 1911 census showed 202,398 Gaelic speakers in Scot- 

 land, of whom 18,400 were monoglots. 



"According to legend, the name Scotch is derived from Scota, a 

 daughter of one of the Pharaohs. The word is probably related etymo- 

 logically to the German Schatz, and means 'masters, owners.' Origi- 

 nally, and therefore in all medieval Latin texts down to the end of the 

 eleventh century, it meant only Ireland. Since that date it means spe- 

 cifically Scotland. The Scotch Gael never calls himself Scotch, but 

 Gael, or, to indicate his country, Albanach. EngUsh-speaking High- 

 landers, even though Scotchmen, are Saxons in the mind of a Gael. 

 In the fifteenth century, when English became the predominant speech 

 in the Lowlands, the English. and non-Celtic Scotch called Gaehc 

 'Erse.' Since* the sixteenth century the name Scotch has been ap- 

 plied to the English spoken in the Lowlands. So, by a strange freak 

 of fortune, Scotch, originally applied to a variety of Celtic, has come 

 to mean Broad Scotch or Quaint Enghsh, a language of Germanic 

 origin. 



"The distinction made between the Highlands and Lowlands of 

 Scotland is correct merely so far as the physical configuration of the 

 country is concerned, but incorrect if a racial significance is read into 

 it. There is a mistaken notion that Scotland is a country of two races, 

 Celtic in the north and Teutonic in the south, and that the latter ele- 

 ment has displaced the former. No doubt the Lowland Scotchman is 

 a person of very composite blood, but he is above all a Celt. 



"When Scotland was in possession of complete autonomy she en- 

 joyed unrivaled prosperity. She was spoken of on the Continent as 'a 

 nation of heroes,' and the French proverb 'Fier comme un ecossais' is 

 still current. Many treaties of alHance were made with France, and 

 Scottish merchants, traders, and scholars were known all over Europe. 

 The disaster at Culloden (1746) would appear to have crushed Scot- 

 tish nationality out of existence. The incorporating Union of 1707, 

 'which was carried by force and fraud' (Prof. William Smith), reduced 

 Scotland to the humiliating level of an appendage of England. Lord 

 Roseberry called Scotland 'the milch cow of the Empire,' and the 

 Marquis of Bute and others have estimated that the dead loss to the 

 country as a result of the Union is from twelve to thirteen million pounds 



