A Icicle d'Orlnfiny. 41 



been published since his day ;^ and he calls attention to their 

 extreme tenacity when the animals are disturbed or the vessel 

 containing^ them is shaken. 



The question of their modes of nutrition greatly exercised his 

 mind, and he arrived at no conclusion, stating with some perti- 

 nence " ce n'est pas expliquer une fonction que de lui assignor 

 un appareil." In like manner he fails to come to any definite 

 conclusion as to the reproductive processes of the i'oraminifera, 

 though he seems (p. 351) to have observed the development of 

 amcebulge inside a Miliolina. Finally, in this paper he notes the 

 presence of chitinous linings to shells, both perforate and imper- 

 forate ; he seems to anticipate Butschli's observations on the 

 streaming movements akin to those of protoplasm in fine emulsions 

 (p. 355), and for protoplasm he invents the term " sarcode," which 

 was used for many years to designate the protoplasmic body- 

 substance of the Ehizopoda.'-^ How far his observations applied 

 to all the forms described by d'Orbigny was, as we shall see (post), 

 a matter which gave him some doubt and difficulty." In this 

 fourth paper of 1835 Dujardin first announced his recognition of 

 the fact that Pohjtrema miniaccurn (Pallas) was not a Zoophyte, 

 but a true Foraminifer, an observation which has escaped all 

 writers on the group, except one or two, who date his discovery 

 from 1841 in the work abstracted in Appendix J. (see p. 102). 



These observations of Dujardin, which, I agree with Carpenter, 

 inaugurated " the tliird period with which our knowledge of the 

 true nature of the Forttminifera really commenced," * may be said 

 to have been awaiting d'Orbigny on his return from South 

 America. Later, in 1841, Dujardin found a place for the Fora- 

 rainifera among tlie Infusoria (Bibl. VI.), though lie appears to do 

 so with some sense of incongruity. His work, " Histoire Naturelle 

 des Zoophytes — Infusoires " (Pans, 1841), in the " Suites a Button," 

 contains a recapitulation and amplification of the 1835 papers and 

 need not concern us here, though it is of great interest, and I have 

 given an abstract of these final conclusions in Appendix J. 



Let us see what d'Orbigny had to say about it all when he 

 returned and found his " Cephalopodes Microscopiques " totter- 

 ing to an enforced abdication of their hitherto undisputed 

 throne. 



He took advantage of the first opportunity which offered itself, 

 namely, in the Introduction to the Cuba Memoir, to point out ^ 

 that whilst he was in America he had recognized that these 



' Excepting, perhaps, the elaborate treatise of C. B. Reichert, " Ueber die Con- 

 tractile substanz (Sarcode, Protoplasina) unci ihre Bewegungs-erscheinungen bei 

 Polythalamien unci einigen anderen niederen Thieren," Abh. k. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 

 1866, pp. 151-293 (pis. i-vii). 



- Cf. XXI., pp. 436-7 ; XXIII., p. 166. ' See also XVII., p. 7. 



* XVII., p. 7. = VII., p. xxvii. 



