116 SUMMARY OF GUUKEIS'T lIESEAlIGilES RELATING TO 



Llie tubercles (eminences with one seta or several setas), the verructe 

 (warts with many setaj), the scoli (prominent spines), and pigmental 

 spots. He regards all these integumentary structures as homologous. 

 Homogeneous diffusion of seta3 and their total absence are both 

 secondary changes. A description is given of the type of arrangement 

 which occurs on the abdominal segments of most caterpillars in the first 

 instar. From this fundamental type all the others may be deduced. 



Wing-marking's in Hepialidas.* — J. F. van Bemmelen has been 

 led to the conclusion that the colour-pattern of the wings of Lepidoptera 

 is to be looked upon as a mixture of components of different phylogenetic 

 age, and consequently of unequal systematic value. In the primitive 

 Hepialidae the colour-pattern, in its original form as well as in its 

 various modifications, occurs independently of generic differences. This 

 means that phylogenetically the colour-pattern in all its manifestations 

 is older than the division of the Hepialid family into genera, or, other- 

 wise expressed, that the whole complex of modifications of the wing- 

 design belonged to the inherent properties of the ancestry of the present 

 Hepialids. This points to the assumption that in all species of the 

 different genera the hereditary factors for all these colour-modifications 

 are present. 



Phylogeny of Wing-pattern in Lepidoptera.t — J. Botke directs 

 attention to the close resemblance between the colour-designs of the 

 hairy covering of the wings in Trichoptera and those of the scaly coat 

 in Lepidoptera. The primitive colour-pattern of Lepidoptera has 

 probably passed through the following stages in its evolution : 1. The 

 membranous wings are provided with several transverse veins, lying 

 between smoke-coloured margins. 2. The transverse connecting veins 

 disappear, the margins persist and so form transverse colour-markings, 

 the hairs on the wing-membranes acquire corresponding markings, 

 :>. The hairs become transformed into scales, in which the colouring 

 matter becomes accumulated, while the membrane loses it, being shut 

 off from the light by the broadening of the scales. 



A\^e must regard the primitive colour-pattern of Lepidoptera as a 

 relic of the more complex system of nervures which their ancestors 

 possessed — a remnant of the numerous, colour-bordered transverse 

 nervures which later on became obliterated. In some the ancestral 

 condition has wholly vanished, in others it has been actually accentuated. 



Gyandromorphic Specimens of Currant-moth. | — L. Doncaster 

 describes two peculiar forms of Abraxas gross ulariata. The chief 

 peculiarities of the first specimen are : (1) that though predominantly 

 male, it had the lacticolor character, which from its parentage should be 

 confined to females ; and (2) that throughout the body the right side 

 was male, the left imperfectly developed or tending towards the female 



* Proc. k. Akad. Wetenscb. Amsterdam, xviii. (1916) pp. 1255-65. 

 + Proc. k. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, xviii. (1916) pp. 1557-63. 

 : Proc. Cambridge Pbil. Soc, xviii. (1916) pp. 227-9. 



