ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 459 



habit must liave developed after the use of the ants as hosts was estab- 

 lished. 



Structure and Systematic Position of Micropteryx.* — T. A. Chap- 

 man points out that while the female genitalia of Lepidoptera have two 

 openings — a terminal one for oviposition and one in the eighth segment 

 for pairing, there being only nine segments in the abdomen to be 

 counted, the genus Micropteryx has ten segments and no genital opening 

 except in the tenth segment. " This fact by itself seems to be sufficient 

 to prevent Micropteryx being classified as belonging to the Lepidoptera, 

 even in a sub-order." The new order Zeugloptera is proposed. A very 

 copious illustration is given of the external structure of the abdomen, 

 heads, and larval stages of Micropteryx. 



Gynandromorphous Lepidoptera.j — E. A. Cockayne continues his 

 study of these forms, dealing with two cases of Amorpha populi and 

 one of A. hybridus {A. ocellatus male x A, populi female). The first 

 A. popuU showed in all external characters perfect halving. On dissec- 

 tion it showed a testis, vesicula seminalis, vas deferens, glandula 

 accessoria, ductus ejaculatorius, and penis to the right, and an ovary 

 with four follicles, oviduct, spermatheca, cement-gland, and bursa copu- 

 latrix to the left. It was, in fact, a true genetic hermaphrodite without 

 any reduplication of organs, and with only one defect, absence of the 

 ductus bursEe or seminis. Full details are given. 



The second gynandromorphous A. populi was not perfectly halved, 

 but was predominantly female to the right, predominantly male to the 

 left. There was only one gonad, an ovary with four follicles, which lay 

 on the right. It had an oviduct, cement-glands, spermatheca, very 

 small bursa copulatrix and caput bursa, but no ductus seminis. On the 

 male side there was only a penis w'ith a soft saccular mass of chitin 

 representing the blindly ending ductus ejaculatorius. The external 

 genitalia showed a completely halved arrangement. 



The hybrid was perfectly halved, male on the right, female on the 

 left. The secondary sex characters of both sexes were perfectly deve- 

 loped, but the insect had neither ovary nor testis. The external genitalia 

 were perfectly halved. 



In these three cases the author finds further proof that the same 

 underlying cause can produce true lateral genetic hermaphrodites, halved 

 or lateral gynandromorphs with one or more gonads of one sex only, or 

 without gonads of either sex, but with external structures of both sexes 

 (primary somatic hermaphrodites). The differences appear to be due to 

 a failure of part of the genital tract to develop, a failure which is 

 specially liable to affect the gonad itself. The author discusses the 

 theory of gynandromorphism. Independently of T. H. Morgan, he has 

 advanced the view that at some early stage in division a sex-chromosome 

 fails to pass from one pole and becomes lost. 



* Traas. Entomol. Soc. London, 1916, parts iii.-iv. (publ. 1917) pp. 310-14 

 (12 pis.). 



t Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, 1916, parts iii.-iv. (publ. 1917) pp. 322-35 

 12 pis.). 



