546 Transactions of the Society. 



a benlhic organism would have readiest access to the environ- 

 mental mud. Kemna (Ref. 34) regards these marginal papillae as 

 analogous to the ray-like arms of the Astrorhizidae. Both features 

 are so obviously due to the same cause that the analogy seems 

 superfluous. As with the spherical type, the papillae vary enor- 

 mously in development, and are sometimes entirely suppressed. 



Specimens may often be found in which the papillas are not 

 confined to the marginal ring, but are scattered more or less over 

 the surface of the disc. Such specimens are not strictly referable 

 to the var. compressa, but could be more correctly described as 

 compressed individuals of whatever type they may belong to 

 structurally. We have records of the occurrence of such com- 

 pressed individuals in nearly every group. They probably arise 

 owing to the collapse and compression of an individual while still 

 in the chitinous condition, and the subsequent development of an 

 arenaceous investment over the collapsed test. 



Among the many published figures referred to T. papillata 

 some may be dealt with summarily. Thus Brady's figure (Kef. 12, 

 fig. 8, pi. xxxvi) represents an oval variation of the sphere wliich 

 is of fairly frequent occurrence (PI. XXVII, figs. 9-13). Such 

 abnormalities may perhaps originate in the fusion of two indi- 

 vidual gemmules. The oval may become more produced at the 

 poles so as to form a parallelogram with rounded extremities, and 

 so pass imperceptibly into an elongated tubular type for which we 

 propose the varietal name parallela. 



Thurammina papillata var. parallela var. nov. 

 Plate XXVII, figs. 14-17. 



Test free, elongated and tubular, irregular in section, but 

 generally more or less round, chitinous to finely arenaceous. 

 Papillae usually most prominent at the extremities. Generally 

 rectilinear, but occasionally curved in outline. Never attaining 

 any great size or coarse investment. The three largest specimens 

 measured were 1 ■ 1, 1 • 03, 1 • 15 mm. respectively in length, by • 2, 

 0-18, 0-2 mm. at point of greatest width. 



Arenaceous specimens are easily mistaken at first view for 

 fragments of HyperamTnina or Rhahdammina, but are distinguish- 

 able owing to their closed extremities and papillar outgrowths 

 which often form a terminal crown. 



Haeusler in 1883 (Eef. 10) figured a number of variations of 

 T. papillata which are of great interest, supplemented in 1890 

 (Eef. 21) by other figures. Figs. 1-4, 10, 25, and 27 of the 1883 

 paper may be regarded as merely abnormalities of the sphere type, 

 such as are to be found everywhere. Pig. 5, which may be com- 

 pared with Brady's figure (Eef. 12, fig. 10, pi. xxxvi), and the 

 figures (Eef. 21, figs. 12, 13, 16, 23, 25, 26, pi. vi) (1890), represent a 



