BCHINOIDEA. I. 45 



spine; it is very large and conspicuous in some species, as Ph. hoplacantha, Sperosoma Grimaldii a. o., 

 small in Asthenosoma Grubei, hystrix a. o. These spines are always (?) more or less curved. — In a group 

 of species: Phormosoma placenta, dursarium, and rigidum (a. o.?) the primary spines of the actinal side 

 are surrounded by a bag of skin, and their points are swollen in a club-shaped way. In Asthenosoma 

 Grubei, varium, heteractis, and urens the spines on the abactinal side, primary and secondary (Mies, are 

 inclosed by a thick cutaneous sheath which is constricted one or several times; also in other Echino- 

 thurids, for instance A. hystrix, small bags of skin are seen at the point of the small spines. These 

 spines are distinctlv distinguished from the mentioned skin-covered spines in Ph. placenta, bursa riu in, 

 and rigidum by being constructed as usual -- simple perforated tubes with a long, fine point, while 

 in Ph. placenta etc. they are swollen at the point, and filled by an irregular calcareous net of meshes. 

 The tube feet may be arranged in an almost straight line on the actinal side, as in Ph. pla- 

 centa, or thev may be trigemiuous, about as in an Echinus, as for instance in A. hystrix, or they may 

 be arranged in three widely separated series, as in Sperosoma. In some there is no trace of a sucking 

 disk on the tube feet of the actinal side, in others there is a well-developed disk; on the abactinal side 

 a sucking disk is never found. The spicules are almost always rather large, irregular, fenestrated 

 plates situated more or less distinctly in 3 — 4 longitudinal series. In A. varium, Grubei, hetcractis, 

 and urens they are very slightly developed, only small, branched calcareous pieces, rarely with a hole. 



The sphseridiae, which follow the tube feet quite up on the abactinal side, show no differences so 



o-reat that they can be of any systematic importance. The pedicellarise, on the other hand, are of the 

 greatest importance with regard to the classification. 



No less than 5 different kinds of pedicellarise are found in the Echinothurids, viz. the four 

 kinds known from the Echinids, and further the very beautiful form, described by Wyv. Thomson 

 in A. fenestratum, the tetradactylous pedicellarise. Only the tridentate and the triphyllous pedicel- 

 lariae are found in all Echinothurids, each of the other kinds are only found in a single genus. — The 

 tetradactylous pedicellarise have been so excellently described and figured by Wyv. Thomson, that 

 I need not add anything. Globiferous pedicellarise were hitherto unknown in the Echinothurids; I 

 have found them in A. pellucidum (in one of the type specimens from Chall. st. 192; the other speci- 

 mens I have not seen). They are highly primitive; the skeleton consists of three simple rods, a little 

 widened below. No muscles seem to pass between them, which corresponds very well with the fact 

 that the three glandular bags are quite inclosed by a common skin; the pedicellaria cannot be opened 

 as other pedicellarise. The valves have only half the length of the head, and they are placed between 

 the glandular bags (PI. XIII. Fig. 24). There can scarcely be any doubt that this interesting form of 

 pedicellarise is to be interpreted as a very primitive globiferous pedicellaria. 



Neither were ophicephalous pedicellarise hitherto known in the Echinothurids. The form of 

 pedicellarise figured and described by Wyv. Thomson as ophicephalous pedicellarise, is indisputably 

 the triphyllous pedicellarise, very similar to the triphyllous pedicellarise of the Echinids, only some- 

 what larger. Genuine ophicephalous pedicellarise I have only found in the new form Troviikosoma 

 Koehleri, described here. They are very characteristic, the blade is highly constricted just above the 

 basal part, and abruptly widened above (PI. XIV. Figs. 19, 23, 25). The somewhat contorted arc on the 

 lower side of each valve, so characteristic of the ophicephalous pedicellarise, is here typically developed, 



