ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 487 



third class is really non-existent ; the alleged neutrophil granulations 

 stain either with acid or basic stains, and retain them. 



6. Histology. 



Intercellular Connections.* — A. Schuberg has shown in great detail 

 that intercellular connections between the epidermic epithelium and the 

 connective-tissue cells of the corium are in the case of the axolotl 

 beyond all doubt real. 



Minute Structure of Amphioxus.f — J. Boeke describes (a) the 

 structure of the light-perceptive cells aegmentally arranged on the spinal 

 cord, (i) the neurofibrils in the ganglion-cells, and (c) the innervation 

 of the striped muscular tissue. 



Efferent Neurons in Electric Lobes of Torpedo .$ — Shinkishi 

 Hatai finds that the efferent neurons of the electric lobes of Torpedo 

 occidentalis present a fibrillar appearance of the ground substance. But 

 this is due to an alteration in the shape of the meshes of the reticulum, 

 and cannot be compared with the fibrils described by Bethe, Apathy, 

 and others. The meshes of the reticulum, which the author regards as 

 primitive, are altered by the growth of the cell-body where the pro- 

 cesses, both axone and dendrite, arise and become extremely elongated 

 in these branches. Gradations from the primitive shape of the meshes 

 to the altered form which appears fibrillar, are clearly visible in the 

 spinal ganglion-cells of the white rat. 



Blood- Vessels of the Spinal Cord of Birds.§ — G. Sterzi has 

 ■studied in detail the arteries and veins associated with the spinal cord 

 of duck, fowl, pigeon, owl, and parrot. He gives a minute description, 

 but we cannot do more than note that the disposition of the vessels in 

 the various species studied displays adherence to a constant type or 

 mode of distribution. 



Historical Aspects of Zoology. || — R. Burckhardt emphasises the 

 need for some vigorous work in regard to the history of zoology as a 

 science. He discusses the biological expansion of zoology, the classifica- 

 tion of the various departments, the historical development of these, and 

 especially the relation between " physiological systematik " and " com- 

 parative anatomical systematik." 



c. General. 



Parasitism among Animals. f — F. von Wagner has in a booklet — 

 a marvel of cheapness — discussed, (1) parasitism in general, its modes, 

 its results on parasite and on host, and so forth, and (2) the most im- 

 portant parasites on man and his domestic animals. 



Morphology of the Myxinoids.**— -Howard Ayers and C. M. Jackson 

 have discovered a series of rudimentary gill-bars in Bdellostoma, and 



* Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., lxxiv. (1903) pp. 155-325 (7 pis.), 

 t Proc. Section of Sciences k. Akad. Amsterdam, v. (1902) pp. 350-8 (6 figs.). 

 X Bull. Univ. Cincinnati, ser. 2, vol. i. (1901, received 1903) pp. 1-12 (1 pi.). 

 § Arch. Anat. Embriol., ii. (1903) pp. 216-36 (1 pi.). 

 H Verb.. Nat. Ges. Basel, xvi. (1903) pp. 388-440. 



*I ' Schmarotzer und Schmarotzertum in der Tierwelt,' 8vo, Leipzig, 1902. See 

 Biol. Centralbl., xxiii. (1903) p. 387. 



** Bull. Univ. Cincinnati, ser. 2, vol. i. (1900, received 1903) pp. 5-15 (2 pis.). 



