ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 753 



Rinodina.* — In examining the lichens of the Regnell expedition 

 ■Oust. 0. A. N. Malrne reviews the history of the genus Rinodina, and 

 notes the species already recorded from Brazil. He considers that the 

 genus is well founded and approaches nearer to Physcia from the nature 

 of the spores than to Lecanora, in which genus the species have been 

 included by various systematists. He divides the genus into a number 

 of sections and subsections. He describes in detail 16 species and gives 

 a list of those he has determined. 



Bra-zilian Lichens.f — A. Zahlbriickner describes the lichens col- 

 lected in Rio de Janeiro and the neighbourhood by various collectors. 

 He gives full diagnoses and notes of species that have been imperfectly 

 described, and of the species determined as new, of which there are a 

 large number. He employs chemical reagents, and under each species 

 gives the characteristic reactions. 



Morphology of Lichens.J — Birger Nilson is inclined to regard the 

 fungus of lichens as parasitic on the alga. In certain conditions of 

 humidity the alga increases more rapidly than the fungus, and hence the 

 -development on the surface of the thallus of soredia and isidia. The 

 form of the thallus is also largely influenced by the condition of the alga, 

 which again depends on climatic conditions, thus accounting for the 

 variations in form of the lichen plants. He discusses also the systematic 

 arrangement of the group. 



Lichen Flora. § -After a pause of five years, the second part of the 

 Lichens in the Pflanzenfamilien has just been issued under the editor- 

 ship of A. Zahlbriickner. He divides Lichens into three classes : Asco- 

 lichenes, Hymenolichenes, and Gasterolichenes. The Ascolichenes are 

 again divided into two groups, Pyrenocarpeoe and Gymnocarpeae. The 

 author in this part passes under review all the families and genera of the 

 first group. The families are distinguished by the nature of the symbiotic 

 algse, one series possessing Pleurococcus or Palmetto, gonidia, a second 

 being associated with Chroolepus. The genera are classified according 

 to the form of the fruit, paraphyses, spores, &c. 



Of the Gymnocarpese he makes three divisions : Coniocarpinea}, 

 Graphidineae, and Cyclocarpinese, distinguished entirely by the form of 

 the fruit. He finishes the discussion of the Coniocarpineaa and advances 

 a good way with the GraphidineEe. 



M a s s e e, G. — Distribution of Calostoma. 



[A North American specimen is recorded from Japan, with a note on its dis- 

 tribution.] Nature, LXVIII. (1903) p. 296. 

 Navas, R. P. L ongin os— Lecanora subfusca in Spain. 

 [With an account of the varieties of this lichen.] 



Bolet. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat, III. (1903) pp. 285-90 (fig. in text). 



Noel li, A. — Revision of Steganosporium. 



[The genus includes six species and one variety.] 



Malpighia, IX. (1903) pp. 412-18 (6 figs.). 



* Bihang. k. Vet.-Akad.-Handl., iii. (1903) No. 1, 53 pp. (2 figs.). 



t S.B. k. Akad. Wiss., cxi. (1902) pp. 357-432 (2 pis.). 



j Botaniske Notiser, 1903, Heft 1, 33 pp. See also Centralbl. Bakt., x. (1903) 

 pp. 602-3. 



§ Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Engler und Prantl, Lief. 217(1903) pp. 

 49-96 (figs.). 



