THE COMMON BUTTERlLlEs OF THi: PLAINS OF INDIA. 105 



cylindrical stalks, each one bearing, issuing from its centre, a longly 

 conical, curved, transparent glass-like shining, hair (or hollow structure ?) ; 

 each star is separated by a distance of about 2-.'> X its own diameter from 

 the next ; the conical hairs as long as 2-3 x the length of the star-base ; 

 sometimes the stars are well developed, sometimes badly developed ; in 

 some cases the hairs are shorter, also a few brown and straight ; the 

 brown of the larval colour is always caused by the star-bases being brown ; 

 there are some longer hairs rising also from starbases surmounted by short 

 cylindrical tubercles, the hairs on the front margin of segment 2 the 

 longest, 6 X as long as the transparent, glistening, curved hairs, more or 

 less simple but sometimes with a minute bristle or two on their surfaces ; 

 these longer hairs some longer, some shorter, extending to near the 

 hinder margin of segment : there are 2 such long hairs on the 

 dorsoventral margin of segment 3, and some round the margin of segment 

 14: most of these long hairs are red-brown, a few I'ght; the gland of 

 segment 11 large, transverse, mouth-shaped and curved slightly when 

 opirned a bit — the inside is bluish-white when opened — and the organs 

 of segment 12, situated diagonally below the spiraclf^s anc. behind them, 

 have circular openings of 2 x the diameter of the spiracle and are general- 

 ly green like the surface so that, when quiescent th^y are difficult to see ; 

 when the cylindrical, protrusible body starts coming out it is pure, dull 

 white and, when full out, has the rounded, somewhat dilated extremity 

 clothed sparsely with minute, radiating bristles which bunch together when 

 withdrawn ; the length of this cylinder is 4 x its own diameter and 2 x the 

 diameter of tlie opening ; just behind the gland and for the length of the 

 gland are some small, jjlassy-shining, circular, slightly convex tubercles; 

 each segment 3-10 has a dorsal, central, small, shallowly funnel-shaped 

 indent; there is also a long, lateral one on the same segments reaching 

 from the dorsolateral region to the spiracle, the spiracle, in fact, being 

 situated in the bottom of it; segment 12 nearly flat, altogether lower than 

 segment 11 owing to the tumidity of the gland on that segment; segment 

 13-14 occasionally with some 4-6 little pits on the dorsal suriace ; ventral 

 surface: there is a distinct, impressed and continuous line all round the 

 body separating the dorsal, visible, upper half of larva from the under 

 parts ; the immediate lateral border below that line ventrally is like the 

 dorsal surface : covered with the same star- tubercles and slso the same 

 colour, also it is segmented like the rest (it forms a sort of pedestal or foot 

 for the body so to speak) : where there are prologs this pedestal forms the 

 real base of the prolog, there beirg a second piece in prolongation ; then 

 comes the real leg (or what is called that) with the foot attached. Spiracles 

 are quite circular, extremely slightly raised, with a very fine, thin, chitine- 

 margin. the inside shallowly funnel-shaped ; dull milky-white with a bluish 

 tint and pitted ; small ; on the segments 2-10 situated in the bottoms of 

 depressions. Colour bright grass-green with a show of a dorsal, darker 

 line with brown touches on it on segments 10, 11 and anteriorly, occasion- 

 ally, on segment 5 ; there may be a light, subspiracular line which is, 

 however, generally not present : the ventrum is naked, with a stray hair ; 

 the legs are colourless ; the prologs with the feet also colourless and the 

 row of booklets along the edge or lobes red, the lobes are separated by a 

 little white, fan-shaped body, prominent and shining : the pseudonychium 

 or empodium ? L : 12 mm. ; B : 4 mm. ; H : 3. 5 mm. 



When just out of the egg, the little larva is whitish and the head dark, 

 and not retracted under segment 2 ; also there are subdorsal and dcyso- 

 ventral rows of long hair. In the next stage appears a rose-coloured 

 dorsal line as well as a lateral and submarginal one and a short diagonal 

 dorsolateral line on each segment. These reddish lines or bands may 



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