THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA . 137 



quarter-sphere in shape) seen from above, with a largely tumid flange 

 all round which is triangularly emarginate in the dorsal line, the slope 

 of the dorsal line being at first nearly perpendicular to the longitudinal 

 axis or plane of the ventrum, this ventrum being quite flat and applied to 

 the surface upon which the larva rests ; this slope diverges little from the 

 perpendicular throughout its length ; segment 3 is rather flat dorsally but 

 very steep on the sides and passes evenly all round into segment 4 which 

 is broader and higher all round with a transverse tumidity (or ridge) 

 along the hinder margin^ this tumidity being largely notched or indented 

 in the dorsal line ; segment o is similar to segment 4 but the tumidity 

 along hinder margin, more widely notched and more pronounced, if lower 

 than that of that segment — segment 4 is the highest part of the pupa and 

 the tumidity (or ridge) does not extend so far down the sides of the 

 larva on segment 4 as on segment 5 ; the anterior margin of segment 6 

 is perpendicularly below the top of the tumidity of segment 5 ; the 

 succeeding segments 7-11 are more or less normal, all telescoped into 

 each other, the transverse section of the larva along that portion beicg 

 semicircular ; segment 12 is slightly broader than segment 11 (very little, 

 however, often not visibly) but is dorsally much higher owing to there 

 being a pair of long, fleshy, stiS", cylindrical tubes or towers, standing out 

 more or less perpendicularly from the surface, rising from shortly conicals 

 broad bases, these towers as long as the larva is high at that place emit- 

 ting, when the larva is teased, each from its top, a long brush of fine, pur- 

 ple, white-tipped hairs or threads which is whirled round rapidly for a short 

 time and then suddenly withdrawn; segments 13 and 14 behind are a more 

 or less quarter-spherical piece though dorsally slightly flattened perhaps; the 

 gland on segment 11 is not present but there is a transverse depression ; 

 there is no dorsal depression on segment 2. On the whole the larva is 

 broadest and highest at segment o from where the dorsal line descends in a 

 gentle curve to rise again to segment 12 a little ; the lateral line is straight. 

 The head is hidden under segment 2 and rarely protruded ; it is shining 

 light yellow in colour with the eye curve and points of the mandibles black, 

 the labrum light, the ligula brown, shallowly emarginate. The spiracles 

 are of ordinary size, oval in shape and nearly white or brownish-white in 

 colour. The surface of the larva is covered with a shagreening of minute, 

 water-bubble-like ribbed blisters from each of which rises a minute, 

 appressed, often flattened, hair ; a few, dispersed, longer, appressed, yellow 

 hairs here and there on each segment and there are some much longer, 

 simple, appressed hairs disposed along margin of segment 2 and hinder 

 margin of segment 14 (though these hairs are still very short) ; in the place 

 where the depression on segment 2 is situated in the majority of lycsenid 

 larvae the surface is here also covered with minute, ribbed, hemispherical 

 tubercles like the rest. The colozir of the body is dark-green or rose-green; 

 the top of segment 3 is pale rose, bordered with white posteriorly along the 

 hinder margin, the lateral border being more or less diagonally down from 

 the dorsolateral region on each side, running backwards ; segment 4 similar, 

 the white hinder margin continued down to the dorsoventral margin ; 

 segment 5 is also rose-coloured on the back slope of the tumidity but is 

 otherwise dark-green, paling backwards ; the rest of the segments similar ; 

 all the segments are lighter on dorsum separated from the darker, lateral 

 colouring by a short, still lighter — nearly white in some specimens — line or 

 band which only reaches the lateral region except on segment 9 where it is 

 very much broader and produced down to the spiracle and above it on to 

 the next segment on each side ; there is a dorsal, interrupted line of dark- 

 green sometimes : segment 2 is rose-coloured and there is a light subspira- 

 cular band or line ; the towers are rose and dark-tipped and their surfaces 



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