4 THE MANOBOS OF MINDANAO— GARVAN [Memo ™o? a x£i£ 



cursory dealings with the inhabitants of the last-named region but both from my own scant 

 observations and from the reports of others more familiar with them, I am inclined to believe 

 that there may be differences great enough to distinguish them from the other peoples of the 

 Agiisan Valley as a distinct tribe. 



As to the Manobos of Libaganon, it is probable that they have more or less the same cultural 

 and linguistic characteristics as the Man6bos that form the subject matter of this paper, but, 

 as I did not visit them nor get satisfactory information regarding them, I prefer to leave them 

 untouched until further investigation. 



Of the Manobos of the lower half of the peninsula of San Agustin, I know absolutely nothing 

 except that they are known as Manobos. I noted, however, in perusing the Jesuit letters u that 

 there were in the year 1891 not only Man6bos but Moros, Bilans, and Tagakaolos in that region 



THE MAMANUAS, OR NEGRITOS, AND NEGRITO-MANOBO HALF-BREEDS 



The Mamanuas, or Negritos, and Negrito-Manobo half-breeds of Mindanao occupy the 

 mountains from Anao-aon near Surigao down to the break in the eastern Cordillera, northwest 

 of Lianga. They also inhabit a small range that extends in a northeasterly direction from the 

 Cordillera to Point Kawit on the east coast. 



I heard three trustworthy reports of the existence of Negritos in eastern Mindanao. The 

 first report I heard on the Umaiam River (Walo, August, 1909). It was given to me by a Manobo 

 chief from the River Ihawan. He assured and reassured me that on the Lafigilang River, near 

 the Libaganon River exists a group of what he called Manobos but who were very small, black as 

 an earthen pot, kinky-haired, without clothes except bark-cloth, very peaceable and harmless, but 

 very timid. I interrogated him over and over as to the bark-cloth that he said these people wore. 

 He said in answer that it was called agahan and that it was made out of the bark of a tree whose 

 name I can not recall. He described the process of beating the bark and promised to bring me, 

 60 days from the date of our conference, a loin cloth of one of these people. I inquired as to their 

 manner of life, and was assured that they were tau-batang; that is, people who slept under logs or up 

 in trees. He said that he and his people had killed many of them, but that he was still on terms 

 of friendship with some of them. 



The second report as to the existence of Negritos I heard on the Baglasan River, a tributary 

 of the Salug River. The chiefs whom I questioned had never visited the Negritos but had pur- 

 chased from the Tugawanons 16 many Negrito slaves whom they had sold to the Mandayas of 

 the Kati'il and Karaga Rivers. This statement was probably true, for I saw one slave, a full- 

 blooded Negrito girl, on the upper Karaga during my last trip and received from her my third 

 and most convincing report of the existence of Negritos other than the Mamanuas of the eastern 

 Cordillera. She had been captured, she said, by the Man6bos of Libaganon and sold to the 

 Debabaons (upper Salug people). She could not describe the place where her people live, but 

 she gave me the following information about them. They are all like herself, and they have no 

 houses nor crops, because they are afraid of the Man6bos that surround them. Their food is the 

 core 16 of the green rattan and of fishtail palm, 17 the flesh of wild boar, deer, and python, and 

 such fish and grubs, etc., as they find in their wanderings. They sleep anywhere; sometimes 

 even in trees, if they have seen strange footprints. 



Their weapons are bows and arrows, lances, daggers, and bolos. According to her descrip- 

 tion, the bolos are long and thin, straight on one side and curved on the other. The men pur- 

 chase them from the Atas in exchange for beeswax. The people are numerous, but they five far 

 apart, roaming through the forests and mountains, and meeting one another only occasionally. 



» Cartas de los PP. de la Compaflfa de Jesus, 9: 335, et teq., 1892. 



"The Tugawanons were described by my Salug authorities as a people that lived at the headwaters of the River Libaganon on a tributary called 

 Tugawan. They were described as a people ol medium stature, as fair as the Mansakas, very warlike, enemies of the reported Negritos, very numer- 

 ous, and speaking an Atas dialect. Perhaps the term Tugawanon is only a local name for a branch of the Atas tribe. 



«0-6ud. 



" Ba-hi (Cartiota sp.). 



