acadeht of sciences] CLASSIFICATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 7 



clean, frank people that with proper handling might be brought to a high state of civilization. 

 They are looked up to by Man6bos, Mangguangans, Mansakas, and Debabaons as being a 

 superior and more ancient race, and considered by the Bisayas of the Agiisan Valley as a people 

 of much more intelligence and fair-dealing than any other tribe. The Mandayas consist of 

 four branches : 



THE TAGUM BRANCH 



These occupy the country from near the mouth of the Tagum to the confluence of the 

 Salug and Libaganon Rivers, or perhaps a little farther up both of the lastxmentioned rivers. 

 It is probable that the Debabaons farther up are the issue of Manobos and Tagum Mandayas. 



THE AGUSAN VALLEY BRANCH 



It is usual for the people of the upper Agiisan from Gerona to Compostela to call themselves 

 Mandayas, but this appears to be due to a desire to be taken for Mandayas. They have cer- 

 tainly absorbed a great deal of Mandaya culture and language, but, with the exception of Pilar 

 and Tagusab, they are of heterogeneous descent — Mandaya, Manobo, Mangguangan, Debabaon, 

 and Mansaka. 



At the headwaters of the Agusan and in the mountains that encircle that region live the 

 Mandayas that are the terror of Mandayaland. They are called by the upper Agusan people 

 Kau-6, which means the same as Tagakaolo, but are Mandayas in every feature, physical, cultural, 

 and linguistic. 



THE PACIFIC COAST BRANCH 



They occupy the following rivers with their tributaries: the Kati'il, the Baganga, the Mano- 

 rigao, the Karaga, the Manai, the Kasauman, and the upper reaches of the Mati. There are 

 several small rivers between the Kasauman and the Mati, the upper parts of all which, I think, 

 are occupied by Mandayas. 



THE GULF OF DAVAO BRANCH 



These occupy the upper reaches of all the rivers on the east side of the gulf of Davao, from 

 Sumlug to the mouth of the Hi jo River whose source is near that of the Agusan and whose 

 Mandayas are famous in Mandayaland. 



THE MOROS 



Moros or people with a preponderance of Moro blood and culture occupy the coast towns 

 on the eastern and northern sides of the gulf from Sumlug to the mouth of the Tagum. Of course 

 they have other settlements on the north and west sides of the gulf. 



In Mati and its vicinity, I believe there are a comparatively large number of Moros or 

 Mohammedanized Mandayas. 



THE BILANS 22 



Bilans were found according to the testimony of the Jesuit missionaries 23 in Sigaboi, 

 Tikbakawan, and Baksal, on the peninsula of San Agustin. 



THE TAGAKAOLOS 



According to the authorities just cited there were Tagaka61os in Sigaboi, Uangen, Kabuaya, 

 and Makambal between the years 1889 and 1891. It is probable that these people are scattered 

 throughout the whole of the hinterland to the west of Pujada Bay, and that they are only Man- 

 dayas who, unable to withstand the stress of war, fled from the mountains at the headwaters of 

 the Agusan River. I base this suggestion on the fact that the Mandayas at the headwaters of 

 the Agusan are known as, and call themselves, Kau-6 24 and that they were, and are probably 



" Called also, I think, Bi-la-an. 



» Cartas de los PP. de la Companla de Jesus, 9: 331, et seq., 1889-1891. 



» Kau-6 would be Ka-olo in Bisaya, from the prefix ka, and Mo, head or source. 



