ACADEMY OF SCIENCES] 

 NO. 1] 



CLASSIFICATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 



Kagwait and Bakolod on the Kagwait River. The inhabitants of these eastern towns are not 

 known by the designation of conquistas, but assume the name and status of Bisayas and are 

 not so dependent on the older Christians as are the conquistas of the Agusan Valley who are 

 called conquistas and treated as inferiors by the older Christians. 



I think that from Lingig to Mati all the barrios, both of the coast and in the hinterland, 

 are made up of Mandayas that have been Christianized since 1877. 



THE MAMANUA CONQUISTAS 



These Mamanua conquistas live in the vicinity of Anao-aon and Malimono' on the north- 

 east coast; in San Roque and San Pablo, also on Lake Mainit; on the River Asiga, a tributary 

 of the River Jabonga; and somewhere up the Lanusa River on the east coast. 



THE MANGGUANGAN CONQUISTAS 



During my stay on the upper Agusan, there were only two towns of Mangguangan con- 

 quistas — Tagusab and Pilar — and even these were mere suggestions of towns. It may be, 

 however, that since the appointment of a deputy governor, the great numbers of Christianized 

 Mangguarigans that had fled from the wrath of their enemies into the swamp region at the 

 headwaters of the Manat River have returned and that Mangguangan towns now exist. 



THE MANSAKA CONQUISTAS 



In Compostela, Gandia, and Tagaunud are found a few Mansaka conquistas. The 

 inhabitants of these towns, however, are of such a heterogeneous blend that it is difficult to 

 assign any tribal place to them. It may be said, in general, that these towns are still passing 

 through a formative period, the result of which will probably be their complete adoption of 

 Mandaya culture and language, if they are left free to follow their own bent. 



THE DEBABAON CONQUISTAS 



The Debabaon conquistas are found in the town of Moncayo and are also scattered about 

 on the upper Salug. The missionaries found the Debabaon people very recalcitrant; the com- 

 paratively few converts made evinced, on the one hand, all the fickleness and instability of the 

 Manobo and, on the other, the aggressiveness of the Mandaya. 



THE BISAYAS OR CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS 



The Bisayas or Christian Filipinos in the Agusan Valley occupy the towns of Butuan, 

 Talakogon, Veruela, Bunawan, and Prosperidad, of which latter they formed, during my last 

 visit to the Agusan Valley, a majority. Outside of the Agusan Valley, they occupy all the towns 

 on the north coast except the towns of Tortosa, Maasao, Tamolayag, and Malimono'. On, and 

 in the vicinity of Lake Mainit, they occupy the towns of Sison, Timamana, Mainit, Jabonga, San- 

 tiago, Santa Ana and several other small ones. On the east coast they occupy all the coast towns 

 from Surigao to Bislig. South of Bislig only the towns, of Kati' il, Baganga, Karaga, Santiago, and 

 Mati may be said to be Bisaya, although the Christianized Mandayas of the intervening towns 

 call themselves Bisayas. But even the above-mentioned towns, with the exception of Santiago, 

 have hardly any claim to be considered Bisaya in the sense in which that word is applied to the 

 Bisayas of the town of Surigao. The same holds true of a great portion of the inhabitants of 

 Tandag, Tago, La Paz, and Kagwait, where the Mandaya element in language and in super- 

 stitious beliefs still holds sway to a considerable extent among the lower class of the inhabitants. 



In the Agusan Valley a great part of the Bisayas of Talakogon can not be considered as 

 Bisayas in the full sense of the word. Many of them called Sulibaonon are of no higher culture 

 than the conquistas of the River Sulibao from which they come. They are distinctly Mandaya 

 in physical type and in manner of life except that they have abandoned the ancient Mandaya 

 religious beliefs and adopted those of Christianity. They are probably the first group of 

 Mandaya conquistas that were induced to leave the Sulibao and take up their abode in Talakogon. 



