12 THE MAN6B0S OF MINDANAO— GARVAN [MMO fvo? xSift 



MONTANO'S INDONESIAN THEORY 



Montano proposed the Indonesian theory to explain the origin of the Samals, Bagobos, 

 Giangas, Atas, Tagaka61os, Manobos, and Mandayas. He asserts that these peoples are pure Indo- 

 nesians whose origin can not be explained otherwise than by supposing them to be the indigenes 

 of all the islands included under the term Indonesia. Hence he calls the above tribes Indonesians 

 of Mindanao. 



He claims that these Indonesians are the result of a fusion of three elements: (1) the Poly- 

 nesian, (2) the Malay-Bisaya, and (3) the Negrito. 



The Bisaya element, he says, is considerable and becomes apparent in the increase of trans- 

 verse diameter of the cranium. The Negrito element is apparent only in the waviness of the 

 han, the height and prominence of the forehead, and the darker color of the skin. 



He further states that the anatomical characteristics of these tribes are their superior 

 stature, their muscular development, and the prominence of the occipital region in contra- 

 distinction to the flattening noticeable in Malays in general, and especially in those of the 

 Philippines. 



keane's view 



Keane in his Ethnology 5 notes that — ■ 



the term "Indonesian," introduced by Logan to designate the lightr-colored non-Malay inhabitants of the Eastern 

 Archipelago, is now used as a convenient collective name for all the peoples of Malaysia and Polynesia who are 

 neither Malays nor Papuans but of Caucasic type. * * * Doctor Hamy, who first gave this extension to 

 the term Indonesian, points out that the Battaks and other pre- Malay peoples of Malaysia so closely resemble 

 the Eastern Polynesians, that the two groups should be regarded as two branches of an original non-Malay 

 stock. Although all speak dialects of a common Malayo-Polynesian language, the physical type is quite dis- 

 tinct and rather Caucasic than Mongolic, though betraying a perceptible Papuan (or Negrito) strain especially 

 in New Zealand and Mikronesia. The true Indonesians are of tall stature (5 feet 10 inches), muscular frame, 

 rather oval features, high, open forehead, large straight or curved nose, large full eyes always horizontal and 

 with no trace of the third lid, light brown complexion (cinnamon or ruddy brown), long black hair, not lank 

 but slightly curled or wavy, skull generally brachycephalous like that of the Melanochroic European. 



Regarding the Indonesians of the Philippine Islands, he says: 



Apart from the true Negrito aborigines Blumentritt distinguishes two separate "Malay" invasions, both 

 prehistoric. Montano also recognizes these two elements which, however, he more correctly calls Indonesian 

 and Malay. The Indonesians whom he affiliates to the "Polynesian family" were the first to arrive, being 

 followed by the Malays and then, in the sixteenth century, by the Spaniards, who were themselves followed, 

 perhaps also preceded, by Chinese and others. Thus Blumentritt's Malays of the first invasion, whom he brings 

 from Borneo, are Montano's Indonesians, who passed through the Philippines during their eastward migrations 

 from Borneo and other parts of Malaysia. The result of these successive movements was that the Negritoes 

 were first driven to the recesses of the interior by the Indonesians with whom they afterwards intermingled in 

 various degrees. Then the Indonesians were in their turn driven by the Malays from the coast lands and open 

 plains, which are consequently now found occupied mainly by peoples of true Malay stock. Then with peace- 

 ful times fresh blends took place and to previous crossings are now added Spaniards and Chinese with Malays, 

 there "quadroons" and "octoroons" with Indonesians, and even here and there with Negritoes. It has thus 

 become difficult everywhere to distinguish between the-- true Malays and the Indonesians, who are also less 

 known, dwelling in the more remote upland districts, often in association with the Negritoes and not always 

 standing at a much higher grade of culture. 



THE INDONESIAN THEORY AS APPLIED TO MAN6BOS 



Comparing the physical characteristics of the Manobos with those which are predicated of 

 the Indonesians by these and other writers, I find that, in the case of the Man6bos of the Agiisan 

 Valley, in stature, waviness of the hair, abundance of the beard, and lightness of the skin color 

 there appears to be a divergence from Keane's Indonesian standard. Keane requires 1.795 

 meters as an average for the stature of the Indonesian, whereas the average of the Manobo, as 

 I found it from cursory measurements, is approximately only 1.60 meters and Doctor Montano 

 found it to be only 1 .4667 meters. As to waviness of the hair, I have observed it rarely among the 

 Man6bos to which this paper refers. Neither is the beard abundant, and as for fairness in the 



» Ethnology, 326 et seg., 1901. • Op. cit., 332. 



