academy op sciences] PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 13 



color of the skin, a casual glance at the great mass of Man6bos that occupy the Agiisan and its 

 tributaries will convince one that their color is decidedly ruddy brown and not light. It is true 

 that in the mountains children and even young women are found with fair complexions, but this 

 is probably due to confinement in the house or to protection from the sun while out of doors. 



PHYSICAL TYPE OF CONTIGUOUS PEOPLES 



In the first part of this chapter a broad comparison was made between the Manobos and 

 the contiguous tribes of eastern Mindanao, but, in order to bring out in stronger relief the physi- 

 cal characteristics of the Manobo, it is considered expedient to give a brief description of the 

 contiguous tribes. 



THE MANGGuANGANS 



In stature the Mangguangan is shorter than the Man6bo. His physical configuration gives 

 one the impression that he is undersized. His cranium is elongated from the front backward 

 along the antero-posterior curve, there being formed accordingly an enlargement on the upper 

 part of the occiput. From this enlargement downward there is a flattening of the curve. The 

 forehead is large, high, and very prominent, and diverges backward from the plane of the face 

 at an observable angle. The face is narrow and flat, the narrowness being due to the prominence 

 of the lower jaw and to a depression that is formed in the side of the face between the jaw and 

 the cheek bone. The hair is lank, coarse, and in males, scant. The beard is very sparse except 

 in elderly men, and even then it is far from being as abundant as that of the Manobos and espe- 

 cially that of the Mandayas. The nose is broad and conspicuously depressed, while the nasal 

 orifices are rather large. On the whole, the prognathism is considerable but is not as variable as 

 that of Man6bos and of Mandayas. 



There can be no doubt as to the Negritic character of the Mangguangan. Owing to the 

 peculiar circumstances that arose after my arrival on the upper Agusan in 1909, 1 found it impos- 

 sible to get into communication with any but the more domesticated Mangguangan in the vicinity 

 of Compostela, but my observation of their physical and mental characteristics and of their 

 low degree of culture led me to a strong conviction of a Negrito origin not far removed. 



THE MANDAYAS 



The Mandaya, on the other hand, with the exception of groups on the upper Karaga and 

 perhaps on the upper Kasauman Rivers, is of superior stature. Montano found the stature to 

 be only 1 .578 meters, but the number of men measured by him was so small that we can not base 

 any conclusion on his figures. I did not make any measurements of Mandayas, but it is my 

 impression that the male Mandayas of the Kati'il, Karaga, and Manorigao Rivers are noticeably 

 taller than Man6bos. In fact, one meets a great number that seem to come up to the Indo- 

 nesian standard of Keane. 



The Mandaya's cranial conformation differs, according to Montano, from that of the Manobo 

 only in one particular, namely, in the straightness of the middle part of the antero-posterior 

 curve of the cranium. In other respects his cranium is similar to that of the Manobo. The face 

 is oval rather than lozenge-shaped and has a pleasant, sympathetic look, due no doubt to the 

 greater width of the palpebral opening, the largeness of the eye, and the length, darkness, and 

 prominence of the eyelashes. 



The nose is straight and prominent, occasionally quite European, and the nostrils are not 

 depressed nor flattened. Their lower edges, instead of being horizontal, slant slightly upward 

 from the tip. The nasal apertures are of medium size. 



The superciliary ridges are prominent, but as the hair of the eyebrows is constantly kept 

 shaved, there is not such an impression of prominence as in the Christianized Mandayas of the 

 southeastern seaboard of Mindanao. 



As to the abundance of beard, it is hard to form a judgment because from youth it is con- 

 stantly and conscientiously eradicated. The hair of the head is long, black, and abundant, often 

 somewhat wavy and not as coarse, I think, as that of Manobos. 



