130 THE MANOBOS OF MINDANAO— GAR VAN tMEU0 ™<£ A xxi£ 



As a musical instrument it is played in combination with the drum. Suspended from 

 something or held up in the hand, it is beaten on the knob with a piece of wood. The general 

 time kept is the same as that kept by the left hand of the drummer. Its constant clanging 

 serves to heighten the animation of the dance. 



Both the drum and gong have a certain religious character. They are used in all greater 

 religious celebrations and seem to be a part of the paraphernalia of the priest, for they are nearly 

 always kept in his house. 



FLUTES 



The flute, unlike the drum and gong, has no religious idea whatsoever associated with it. 

 It is played at the caprice of the tribesman, to while away a weary hour, to amuse the baby, or 

 to entertain a visitor. 



The melody produced by it is soft and low, plaintive and melancholy, resembling in general 

 features Chinese music, with its ever recurring and prolonged trill, its sudden rises and falls, 

 and its abrupt endings. 



Flutes are not used by women, and not all men have attained a knowledge of them. Here 

 and there one meets a man who is an expert and who is glad to display his skill. 



The tunes are said to be suggestive of birds' and animals' cries * and seem to be the product 

 of each. 



Flutes are made from the internodes of a variety of bamboo and are of four kinds, depend- 

 ing on the number and position of the fingerholes. 



The paundag flute. 5 — The paundag is the commonest form. The joints of the bamboo 

 are cut off and the circumference of the resulting internode is measured accurately with a piece 

 of abated or other fiber. With this for a measure, 16 marks or rings are cut on the segment and 

 at each end beyond the first and last mark, a distance equal to one-half the circumference 

 is marked off, the remainder of the segment being then cut off square at each end. At the eighth 

 mark a hole about 8 millimeters in diameter is cut or burned in the bamboo. The same is done, 

 but on the opposite side, at the ninth, eleventh, twelfth, and fourteenth marks, respectively. 

 The ends are then cut in much the same shape as an ordinary whistle, and the flute, a segment 

 of bamboo about 1 meter long, is ready for use. 



While being played, it is held in a vertical position, the side with the one fingerhole being 

 toward the body of the player. The end with the first mark, that which is farther away from 

 the fingerholes, is placed just under the upper lip. The thumb and middle finger of the right 

 hand control the openings at the eighth and ninth marks, while those at the eleventh and twelfth 

 are covered by the first and middle fingers of the left hand, respectively, the hole at the four- 

 teenth mark being uncovered. 



The blowing is performed without effort in the gentlest way possible, as a very slight increase 

 in the force of the breath raises the tone about two octaves. 



The to-dli flute. — The to-dli is an abbreviated form of the flute just described and is made 

 in a similar way, except that only 10 divisions are made, and that on one side two holes are made 

 at the fifth and seventh marks, and on the other at the fourth and sixth openings, respectively. 

 There is no fifth fingerhole. This form of flute is played like the paundag flute, except that the 

 thumb and middle fingers of the right hand cover the fifth and sixth openings, respectively, 

 while the thumb and fourth finger of the left hand control the seventh and eighth openings. 



In pitch this form of flute is considerably higher than the previous one but in other respects 

 the music is similar. 



The Idntwt flute? — A flute known as Idntui is in existence, but I am not acquainted with 

 the details of it. 



The sd-bai flute. — The sd-bai flute differs from the three already mentioned in being a direct 

 flute. The joint at one end of the bamboo is cut off. Seven circumference lengths are then 

 marked off, beginning at the remaining joint, and holes are made at the first (that is, the point), 



' The more common pieces are: Sin-a-gau to bu-ti-da (the roaring of the crocodile), bu-a-bum to d-roo (the monkey scare), and the din-a-go-vu-dn. 



• Called also pan-day. 



• Called also t/aiUui. 



