142 THE MANOBOS OF MINDANAO— GARVAN [MEM To? A xxnx 



Red is the distinguishing mark of the war chief's dress, which ordinarily consists of a red 

 headkerchief with embroidery of white, blue, and yellow cotton at the corners, of a red jacket 

 with similar embroidery on the shoulders and around the back, and of long trousers, sometimes 

 red. His bolo is usually larger and more costly than those carried by ordinary men and is 

 generally of Mandaya origin. His spear, too, is apt to be an expensive one, while his shield not 

 infrequently is tufted with human hair. When leading his band of braves to the attack or during 

 a sacrifice to his protector, the Tagbusau, he wears his charm-collar 4 with its magic herbs. 5 On 

 the warpath he binds his hair knot securely and envelops it with a rough hewn hemisphere of 

 wood. His influence in arranging all the details of the plan of attack is strong, but during the 

 attack itself he has little control over his followers. 6 This might be expected from the spirit of 

 independence which the Manobo displays even in the ordinary affairs of life when not influenced 

 by religious or other motives. 



In personal valor the warrior chief invariably surpasses his fellows. There are many who 

 will fight face to face, especially in the upper Salug, Baobo, Ihawan, and Agusan regions. Lino 

 and his brother, the late Giinlas, both of the upper Salug, are two of the numerous examples 

 that might be adduced. It is true that they take no inordinate risks before an attack, and espe- 

 cially where firearms are opposed to them, yet during an attack they become desperate and will 

 take any risk. 



The warrior has often been branded as a traitor, a coward, and butcher, but such an opinion, 

 I unhesitatingly assert, is based on ignorance and prejudice. 



THE WARRIOR'S TITLE TO RECOGNITION 



When one of the braves who accompany an expedition has killed one or two men in fair 

 fight he acquires the title of manikidd and is entitled to wear a headkerchief striped with red 

 and yellow. His prowess is acknowledged, and he is considered to be so favored by the powers 

 above that he is looked upon as a prospective bagdni or warrior chief. If during ensuing expedi- 

 tions, or by ambushes, he increases to five 7 the number of people whom he has killed, his position 

 as a full-fledged warrior is recognized, but he does not become a warrior chief until such time as 

 the spirits of the gods of war become manifested in him. He is then said to be possessed, 8 as it 

 were, and it requires only a banquet to the neighboring datus and warrior chiefs to confirm his 

 title. These peculiar operations of divine influence consist of manifestations of indescribable 

 violence during the attack, of eating the heart and liver of a slain enemy, and of various other 

 exhibitions. 



VARIOUS DEGREES OF WARRIOR CHIEFSHIP 



The rank of a warrior chief depends on the number of deaths which he may have to his 

 credit. There is apparently no fixed ride in this matter, the custom of one region demanding 

 five deaths for a certain rank while that of another locality may require eight or only two deaths 

 for a similar one. From all reports made to me in nearly every district in the middle and upper 

 Agusan it appears that the number of deaths requisite in the olden days for the various degrees 

 of warrior chiefship was much higher than it is at present, due no doubt to the greater frequency 

 with which people were killed in those times. For this reason the more recent warrior chiefs are 

 spoken of by the older warriors as worthless. 9 



The following are the titles recognized by the Man6bos of the Agusan valley : (1 ) handgan; (2) 

 tinabuddn; 10 (3) kinaboan; (4) lido or linambusan; (5) lunugum; (6) llpus. 



The first title, handgan, is given to one who has killed five or more people but has not yet 

 been admitted to the full favor of a tagbusau or blood spirit. The second title, tinabuddn, 



' Ta-U-hin. 



' These collars are often as thick as a man's arm in the center, tapering down to the ends. They are about 75 centimeters long, made out of cloth, 

 and contain in sections charms made of trees, plants, herbs, and bezoar and other magic stones, all thought to have divers mystic powers. 



• So I have been assured by many great warriors. 



' The number of killings required for promotion to the rank of bagini, or recognized warrior, varies according to the locality. 

 ■ Tag-bu-tau-an. 



• A-yo-d-yo. 



" Ttnabudtn, i. e., wrapped, the full expression being "tinabuddn to tabafig," i. e., wrapped with a red handkerchief. 



