Academy or Sciences] gySTEM OF GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL CONTROL 143 



is given to a warrior who has made it evident that he has divine favor and protection, made 

 manifest in the consumption of the heart and the liver, and who falls into a condition similar to 

 that of the priest while in an ecstasy. The insignia of this degree consists of a red kerchief worn 

 wrapped around the hair knot at the back of the head. 



The third degree, Tcindboan, as the word itself indicates, 11 entitles the bearer to add to his 

 apparel a red jacket. Accounts are so various that the exact time when this title is conferred 

 can not be definitely stated. Thus in Umaiam I was given to understand that 25 deaths were a 

 sine qua non, whereas on the Kasilaian River 6, and on the Salug 7 deaths were reported as 

 sufficient. 



The fourth title, lido, by its derivation means "cooked," "done," "finished," so that on 

 attaining this degree a warrior is complete, at least as far as his raiment is concerned, for he adds 

 a pair of red trousers. Though the number of deaths requisite for the attainment of this degree 

 is variously stated as being from 50 to 100, yet I suggest 15 as being, on the average, nearer 

 the truth. The next degree, lunugum, as the word indicates, entitles the bearer to dress himself 

 all in black. It is a title acquired fortuitously, being given to one who during an attack happened 

 to lance unknoivingly a dead man in the house of the enemy. I can offer no further information on 

 the point, except that the recipient of this title must have been already a recognized warrior. 

 It seems probable that when a man commits such an act on a dead man he is believed to be 

 especially favored by the war gods. 



The warrior chief who acquires the last title, lipus, is supposed to have innumerable deaths 

 to his credit, but I venture to put 50 as a safe standard of eligibility to this title. Fifty deaths 

 extending over a period of many years, and recounted with such additions as a little vanity 

 and a wine-flushed head might suggest, might easily be converted into infinity. I know of no 

 living warrior chief who bears the title of llpus. Twenty-five deaths is the largest number 

 reached by any warrior with whom I am acquainted. The famous Lino of Salug and his brother 

 the defunct Giinlas, reached this rank. 



THE WARRIOR CHIEF IN HIS CAPACITY AS CHIEF 



It may be said that in nearly every case the warrior chief is the chief of the clan or settle- 

 ment. As a man of proved prowess, of sufficient age, and with a good family following he is 

 nearly always recognized as the only one competent to deal with all cases that may come up 

 between his retainers and those of some other chief. Thus it may be said that the Manobo 

 political system is a patriarchal one in which an elder member of a family, through the respect 

 due to his personal prowess, age, and following, and not through any legal or hereditary sanction 

 adjudges such matters of dispute as inevitably arise between his followers and those of some one 

 else. The system is based on custom and is carried out in a spirit of great fairness and equality. 



The territory over which the warrior chief extends his sway is recognized as being the 

 collective ancestral property of the settlement. In time of war no one except a relative is per- 

 mitted to enter it under the penalty of death, but in time of peace it lies open to all friendly 

 fellow tribesmen. Such matters, however, as fish poisoning 12 and hunting by aliens are always 

 interdicted. 



Over this territory, usually occupying miles and miles of virgin forest, lofty mountain, and 

 fair valley, are scattered the dependents and relatives of the warrior. It is only in times of trouble 

 or of expected attack that they build high houses for purposes of defense in closer proximity to 

 the chief. These settlements number between 20 and 200 souls, the former number being nearer 

 the average than the latter. 



The attitude of the followers toward their chief is in time of peace one of kinship feeling or 

 one of indifference. He has practically no authority until called upon in time of trouble to lend 

 the weight of his influence and the fame of his prowess. He collects no tribute and receives no 

 services. In every respect he does as his lowest retainer does, hunts, fishes, etc., except that he 



» From kd-bo, a jacket, '• Pag-tu-bi-han. 



