INTERTRIBAL AND OTHER RELATIONS 177 



Gandia, Ger6na, and Moncayo, and venture to state that in that year they did not number 

 more than about 10,000 souls. Their territory, too, at that date, was confined to the low range 

 of mountains that formed the Agusan-Salug divide and to the swamp tracts in the region of 

 the Manat River, with a scattered settlement here and there on the east of the Agusan to the 

 north of the Manat River. 



The Man6bos of the Ihawdn, Baobo, and Agusan Rivers played a bloody part in the mas- 

 sacre of the Mafigguafigans. While on my first visit to the upper Agusan in 1907, I used to 

 hear once or twice a week of the killing of Mangguangans. Many a time my Mandaya or 

 Manobo or Debabaon companions would say to me, upon seeing a Mafigguafigan: "Shoot him, 

 grandpa, he is only a Mafigguafigan." 



I know from the personal accounts of Man6bo, Mandaya, and Debabaon warrior chiefs 

 that in nearly every case they had acquired their title of warrior chief by bloody attacks made 

 upon Mangguangans. The warrior chiefs of the upper Agusan, upper Karaga, upper Manorigau 

 and upper and middle Kati'il had nearly to a man earned their titles from the killing of Mang- 

 guangans. This is eminently true of the Debabaon group. Moncayo itself boasts of more 

 warrior chiefs than any district in eastern Mindanao, and stands like a mighty watchtower 

 over the thousands and thousands of Mafigguafigan and Manobo graves that bestrew the 

 lonely forest from Libaganon to the Agusan. 



INTERCLAN RELATIONS 



It must be borne in mind that, judging from the testimony of all with whom I conversed 

 on the subject as well as from my own personal observation, interclan feuds among Manobos 

 have diminished notably since the beginning of missionary activity and more especially since 

 the establishment of the special government in the Agusan Valley. Upon the establishment 

 of this government in the lower half of the Agusan Valley, there was a perceptible decrease 

 in bloody fights due to the effective extension of supervision under able and active officials. 

 Here and there in remote regions, such as the upper reaches of the Baobo, Ihawan, Umaiam, 

 Argawan, and Kasilaian Rivers, casual killings took place. On the upper Agusan, however, where 

 no effective government had been established until after my departure in 1910, interclan rela- 

 tions were not of the most pacific nature. Thus, in 1909, the settlements of Dugmanon and 

 Moncayo were in open hostility, and up to the time of my departure four deaths had occurred. 

 The Mandayas of Kati'il and Manorigao had contemplated an extensive movement against 

 Compostela and after my departure did bring about one death. However, the intended move 

 was frustrated happily by the establishment of a military post in Moncayo in 1910. Several 

 Mangguangans at the headwaters of the Manat River met their fate in 1909. The whole 

 Mafigguafigan tribe went into armed vigilance that same year and rendered it impossible for 

 me to meet any but the milder members of the tribe living in the vicinity of Compostela. On 

 one occasion I had made arrangements to meet a Mafigguafigan warrior chief at an appointed 

 trysting place in the forest. Upon arriving at the spot, one of my companions beat the but- 

 tress of a tree as a signal that we had arrived, but it was more than an hour before our Mafig- 

 guafigan friends made their appearance. Upon being questioned as to the delay, they informed 

 us that they had circled around at a considerable distance, examining the number and shape of 

 our footprints in order to make sure that no deception was being practiced upon them. When 

 we approached the purpose of the interview, namely, to request permission to visit their houses, 

 they positively refused to allow it, telling us that they were on guard against three warrior 

 chiefs of the upper Salug who had recently procured guns and who had threatened to attack 

 them. Upon questioning my companions as to the likely location of the domicile of the Mafig- 

 guafigans, I was assured that they probably lived at the head of the Manat River in a swampy 

 region and that access to their settlement could be had only by wading through tracts of mud 

 and water thig* 1 deep. 



During the same year various other raids were made, notably on the watershed between 

 the Salug and the Ihawan Rivers. The Man6bos of the Ba6bo River, which has been styled 



