ACADEMY OF SCIENCES] APPENDIX 245 



The same year Pastells converted 771 Manobos of the Simulao River. He then visited the 

 upper Agusan, and negotiated with the pagans of that district — a conglomerate group of Man- 

 dayas, Mangguafigans, Manobos, and Debabaons — for the foundation of Compostela and Gandia. 

 He founded Moncayo, and Jativa (pronounced Hativa), with Debabaon and Manobo converts, 

 respectively. 



Urios took up the work of Pastells on the River Simulao and baptized 1,000 Man6bos, whom 

 he induced to found the town of Tudela. He then pursued his work among the Manobos to 

 the south of Veru?la and founded the town of Patrocinio. He reports that for some trifling reason 

 the town was moved not long after. From 1905 to 1909 I know that the site of the town was 

 changed five times. 



La Concepcion, 33 near Nasipit, San Vicente, San Ignacio, and Tortosa were founded the 

 same year. Urios remarks that the class of people that he induced to settle in the last-mentioned 

 town were half-Negrito. The present inhabitants are known as Manobos but a casual glance 

 will convince one of their Negrito derivation. 



During the same year Urios founded Loreto on the Umaiam River, and succeeded in getting 

 the Manobos of San Rafael to settle in Tiibai. This is interesting as the inhabitants of Tubai 

 pass for Bisayas at the present day. 



1881-1883 



From 1881 to 1883 we find continuous reports of the armed opposition of all the unco verted 

 peoples to the adoption of Christianity, so much so that troops had to be stationed in Esperanza 

 and Talakogon. Guadalupe and Amparo were abandoned, the ostensible reason being fear of 

 Doctor Montano who was taking anthropometrical measurements of Manobos in the towns 

 through which he passed, but as Urios remarks, this was only a pretext for withdrawing from a 

 form of life that did not suit them. Guadalupe was burned by the pagans shortly after its 

 abandonment. Several new towns had been formed, namely, Maasao, Bugabus, Ohut, Los 

 Remedios, and Hauilian, but the opposition of the still un-Christianized people increased, and, 

 as a result, all the newly formed towns on the lower and middle Agusan, except La Paz, Loreto, 

 and the Simulao towns, were abandoned. One reason assigned for this was the fear entertained 

 by the inhabitants that revenge might be taken on them for the murder of certain Butuan Bisayas 

 who had been killed by the conquistas of Esperanza. However, there is little doubt but that the 

 real reason for the abandonment was the fear on the part of the newly Christianized people 

 toward their mountain congeners and relatives, for it must be borne in mind that the newly 

 Christianized people were the tools used by the missionaries to reach the pagans. These con- 

 quistas were prevailed upon to act as intermediaries, interpreters, guides, carriers, and soldiers. 

 It is obvious that their cooperation with the missionaries, especially in armed expeditions, 

 brought upon them the enmity of the pagan peoples whom the missionaries intended to convert, 

 sometimes nolens volens. To avoid the ill feeling of the pagans and the results that would follow 

 as a consequence, the conquistas preferred to flee and join the pagans, or at least to maintain a 

 neutral attitude. 



1883 



The desertion of all the towns on the lower Agusan meant the return of some 5,000 conquistas 

 to their original manner of life, for at this period the total number of converts in the valley was 

 11 ,000. 34 The upper Agusan had 1 ,500, La Paz, 1 ,000, and the Simulao district, 2,000. 



On the upper Agusan affairs followed the same trend. The Mandayas of the Kati'il River 

 killed 180 on the Hulip River. Jativa and Bual were attacked by Mandayas, the latter place 

 being abandoned immediately. Baobo, "the river of bagani," 35 continued to keep Patrocinio, 

 Buai, and Gracia on the alert. 



u This rancheria is not in existence. 

 11 Ibid. ,5: 71. 



" A bagani is a Mandaya, Mangguaflgan, Debabaon, or Manobo warrior who has a certain number of deaths to his account and who gives 

 evidence of being under the influence of war deities. 



