248 THE MANOBOS OF MINDANAO— GARVAN |Mm % N xxii" 



1900-1905 



I have been unable to peruse the letters of the missionaries from 1894 to the present day, 

 but I was given to understand by well-informed Bisayas of Butuan that at the time of the Philip- 

 pine insurrection in 1898 the Christianized Manobos lived in a state of comparative tranquillity. 

 During the time of the revolution few outbreaks are recorded, notwithstanding the fact that 

 the missionaries had abandoned their upriver parishes and the Spanish troops had been with- 

 drawn. From 1900 to 1905 affairs on the lower and middle Agusan, excepting along the upper 

 Kasilaian, Argawan and Umaiam, were very peaceful, a fact that was due to the enthusiasm 

 with which the Christianized Manobos devoted themselves to the culture of abdkd and to the 

 production of its fiber. On the upper Kasilaian, Argawan and Umaiam, Ihawan, and Baobo 

 there occurred occasional killings and the country was always in a condition of alarm. 



On the upper Agiisan, especially in the region of Compostela, the old feuds broke out and 

 it became necessary for the government of the Moro Province to station troops at Compostela. 38 



The number of converts from the pagan peoples in the Agusan Valley up to 1898 must have 

 reached 25,000, divided as follows: Mamanuas, 1,000; Banuaons and the branch of Manobos 

 occupying the northeastern part of the valley, 3,000; Mandayas, 2,000; Mangguangans, 1,000; 

 Debabaons, 1,000; Manobos, 17,000. These came finally to live in some 50 towns, including the 

 unstable settlements of Mamanuas. From 1898 until the present time the conversion of pagans 

 in the Agusan Valley has been insignificant. 



38 Upon my arrival in the Agusan Valley in 1905 I found the following Tanchcrins in existence: 



On the main river, Butuan (a Bisaya settlement), San Vincente, Amparo, San Mateo, Las Nieves, Esperanza, Guadalupe, Santa Ines, San Luis, 

 Martines, Clavijo, San Pedro, Veruela (a Bisaya settlement), Patrocinio, Langkilaan, Hagimltan, Tagusab, Btiai, Moncayo, Oerona, Gandia, 

 Pilar, Compostela, and Taga-iinud. 



On the Ohut River, Milagros and Eemedios. 



On the Wa-wa River, Verdu. 



On the Lfbang River, Concordia. 



On the Kasilaian River, Basa. 



On the Hfbung River, Borbon, Ebro, Prosperidad, Azpeitia, and Los Arcos. 



On the Sulibao River (tributary of the Hfbung), Novele and Rosario. 



On the Argawan River, La Paz and Sagunto. 



On the Umaiam River, Loreto, Kandaugong. 



On the Simulao River, San Jose, Bunawan (a Bisaya settlement), Libertad, Basa, Tudela, and San Isidro. 



On the Nabuk River, Dugmanon. 



From 1905 to 1910 the following towns were formed: 



Santa Fe, at the mouth of the Labao River. 



Pait on the Wa-wa, at the mouth of the Sibagat River. 



Nuevo Trabajo (pronounced Trabaho), a few hours up the Maasam River. 



Ba'ba', on the Hfbung River between Prosperidad and Azpeitia. 



Tillerpan and Kamota, above Sagunto on the Argawan. 



Violanta, Santo Tomas, and Walo, on the upper Umaiam. 



Maitum, on the river of the same name, which is a tributary of the Hibung River. 



Mambalfli, below Bunawan on the Simulao River. 



Comparing the towns in existence at the beginning of 1910 with those whose establishment is reported in the Jesuit letters we find that the follow- 

 ing towns have ceased to exist: 



Tolosa, some few hours up the Kabarbaran River. 



Tortosa, on a river to the west of the present Maasao. 



San Ignacio, a little to the south of Butuan. 



Concepcion, near the town of Nasipit. 



San Rafael (I do not know the location of this town, but I am under the impression that it was located near Tubai). 



Nuevo Guadalupe, near the present Guadalupe. 



Misericordia, about 12 miles up the Bugabus River. 



Hauwilian, at the mouth of the Hauwilian River. 



San Estanislao, at the mouth of the Labau River. 



Patai, between Martires and Borbon. 



Basa, on the Kasiliagan River. 



Las Navas, on the HIbung. 



Asuncion, on the Argawan River. 



Clavijo, on the Agusan near the mouth of the Ihawan River. 



Gracia and Concepcion, on the Ihawan River. 



Bigo and Borja, on the Baobo River. 



Castellon, Gracia, Clavijo, and Jativa, on the upper Agusan 



San Miguel, on the Tago River (Pacific coast). 



