Academv of Sciences] 

 No. 2] 



PHONETICS 



§4. CONSONANTS 



c, c\ c' correspond to the medial, aspirate, and glottalized sounds of English ch. 



g, H, h' are velar spirants; z, s correspond to the sonant and surd sounds of English, z 

 and s to the French j and English sh, respectively. 



The morphological treatment of verbs suggests that the aspirate and glottalized consonants 

 must be considered as double consonants, because in bisyllabic stems the second syllable which 

 begins with one of these sounds is treated like a syllable beginning with two consonants. Fur- 

 thermore these consonants rarely appear in consonantic clusters. (See below.) Since no triconson- 

 antic clusters are admitted, this may be conceived as a corroboration of our assumption. 



The sounds s', s', h', are not themselves glottalized, but consist of s, s, h followed by 

 glottal stops. 



The only consonants that occur in terminal position of words, but not of sentences, are p, 

 I, k, and s. 



§ 5. CONSONANTIC CLUSTERS 



Biconsonantic clusters in initial position of the word or syllable are common, while they 

 are absent in terminal position. Triconsonantic clusters do not occur. 



Three groups of biconsonantic, initial clusters may be distinguished — clusters with initial 

 surd stops; those with initial b and g; and those with initial s, s, h. 



Second consonant of cluster 



We find also g.w, Hiv and m.n. 



The period on the line used here in all clusters of sonants indicates a very weak articu- 

 lation of the following vowel, as g.la=g a la; g.H = g'Ii. In Winnebago these vowels are fully 

 sounded so that the corresponding forms are bisyllabic. 



In a few cases other clusters of consonants occur due to the dropping of vowels, p. e. 

 tk'a' for tuk'a' . For sk'a' it is said, no dropping of vowel can be proved. 



Other clusters appear, due to composition or reduplication. 



It will be noticed that in these clusters aspirates and glottals do not appear, presumably 

 because they must be considered as double consonants. No consonant appears with another of 

 the same class. (In the combinations sc the point of articulation of c is with greater extent of the 

 tongue touching the palate than in s; sc consists of two sounds which are physiologically more 

 closely related.) p, t, and k are never followed by a sonant ; t can be followed only by k (in Santee 

 tp and kp are equivalent). No triconsonantic clusters are admissible. l,n,m and w are the only 

 sonants that appear at the end of a consonantic cluster. When they follow the sonants b or g, 

 the sonancy of the two sounds produces a very weak vocalic sound between the two consonants. 

 A third class are the clusters beginning with s, s, and h which may be followed by p, t, k, c and by 

 I, n, m. The three sounds behave in an identical way. It is particularly striking that the com- 



