8 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memoirs National 



L \ OL. JV-A.111, 



4. Accented initial e is also result of a contraction of aki. In dative forms (see p. 87) we 

 have the homologous forms waki and we', yaki and ye' with distinction of meaning. 



'e'ktyza or 'aki'ktiiza he forgets about his own ('akty.' za it is forgotten by him; neutral verb 'ama'kt-qza 

 I forgot it); — 'e'c'ip'api (Santee) they meet together (for 'aki'c'ip'api 11 ; — 'e'c'iyuplapi (Santee) they 

 answer each other, 'aki'cHyuptapi (Teton) ; — 'e'c'inaksipi (Santee) to stand up for each other; 'ana'- 

 kic'iksipi (Teton). If in Santee the order were 'aki'nac'iksipi this would explain the form in e 



5. a and \ are contracted in nouns to accented \; not in verbs. 

 Nouns: 



p'i'kpa tip (pV head, 'i'kpa end); — k\skokeca that size (ka' that, '%'skokeca as large as) 

 The following may possibly be due to contractions: t'i'ta open fields; — R\ta basswood 



Verbs: 



paj'yqkapi they cause to run by pushing; — pai'ca to move a bit by pushing 



6. q and i^>{. 



c'i'kpa<Cc'a-'i'kpa tree top; — c'i'coga<^c'q-'i'cog.a drift log {i'cog.a to gather against); — c'i'cakize<i 

 c'q-'i-ka-ki'za wood by striking against squeak ( = Arapaho); — ptcsyyolake<ipte-sq'-'i'yotaka albino 

 cow sitting (name) 



7. and 11. q and o>^. 



h'li'kpani (K' q-' okpa' ni) to be unable to act; — c'li'kaske fence ('oka'ska to tie into) ; — c\'soke dense woods 

 (o in, so'ka thick); — c'li'l'eRika very dense forest ('ot'e'Rika difficult in); — c'ti'wqca woods all over 

 Co'wqca) ; — c'ti'k'i a load of firewood (c'q-o-k'i wood in to carry on back) 



8. a and o contract to accented o'. 

 Nouns: 



wo' waste benefit ('owa'sle it is beneficial) ; — wo'slohela from wao'yuslohq to drag in (the paths of mice) 

 ('oma'slohq I slide down; la diminutive); — p'o'wiwila fontanelle, (p'a head, 'owi'wila soft inside); — 

 p'o'stq beaded baby carrier (p'a head, 'o'stq to fit over); — c'esko'hloka pit in shoulder above clavicle 

 (c'eska' chest, 'oRlo'ka hole) ; — 'isko'nagi black spot inside horse's hoof ('iska' ankle, o in, nagi' 

 ghost) ; 13 — wo'aiye gossip; — wakpo'p'aya along a river (wakpa' 'o-p'a'ya) ; — ?nahpi'yoh'q'k'o(?nahpi'ya 

 cloud, 'oli'q'k'o fast) a name; — t'-qki' skow\' (t'%ki shell, ska white, 'owi' to wear as earrings) a name 



Verbs: 



wo'yaka to tell something {'oya'ka to relate);- — wo'c'i to beg (o in, c'i to desire, want) ; — vo'le to look 

 for something ('ole' to look for); — wo'p'et'ij. to shop ('op'e'l'ii to buy); — 'o'g.lut'a to surround 

 «' 'ao g .hit' a) 



See also page 132, contraction of possessive Va. 



Examples of uncontracted locatives a and o (p. 44). 



'ao'kaga to exaggerate; — 'ao'ho?n.ni to go around, to encircle 



9. Terminal e and initial o contract to o, terminal e and initial { to \, terminal e and initial 

 % to y,. It may be that e is rather elided. 



c'qto'yuze disposition [c'qte' heart, 'oyu'ze condition of holding); — c'qto'g.naka to cherish; — c'qlo'ge 

 pericardium ('o'ge cover); — nyf goh.loka orifice of ear (nu'ge ear, 'ohlo'ka hole); — ho' ski Bad Lands 

 (lie mountain, 'o'ski rough, ruffled); — Ro'puza desert (Re mountain, o in, puza dry); — 'ito'ma'gazu 

 Rain-in-Face (name) ('ite'-o-maga'zu); — t'ato'mani Roaming- Wind (name) (t'ate'-'oma'ni); — ■ 

 Rti'naptqyq hill side (Re-'%naptqyq): — R\'kpa brow of hill (Re-'i'kpa) 



10. o and o contract to accented o. (See also p. 44.) 



'o'hcrmpa Two Kettle Sioux ('o-ohq'-n'q'pa); — 'o'hiye length of a row in a series of parallel rows, strings 

 of beads 





13 In Teton this would mean "they strike each other." 



" Perhaps misunderstood etymology, for 'is'ko'nuge ankle gnarl. 



