12 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Mbmoir^national 



Only p, t, c, k, z, z, and g are found in this position, t and c are changed to a weak, almost 

 voiceless /, hi Yankton to d, and in Santee to n; p and k lose in intensity and have very slight 

 sonancy. There is merely a closure with a very slight escape of air. For instance: 



sa'pa black, becomes sap: reduplicated sapsa'pa 

 so'ka thick, becomes sok; reduplicated sokso'ka 

 si'ca bad, becomes sil 

 ska'ta to play, becomes skal 



The terminal sonant spirants of the cvc stems are transformed into the corresponding voice- 

 less spirants 



yu'za to hold, becomes yus 

 sni' za to be faded, becomes snis 

 t'a'ga to be rough, becomes t'ah 



Stems ending in the stops p, t, k and the affricative c, when losing the terminal a increase 

 their voicing, while those ending in the voiced spirants z, z, g lose their voicing, an apparent 

 contradiction. On account of the lack of differentiation in the shortened forms of stems ending 

 in t and c, both of which take the form I, it seems that the forms with terminal a should be con- 

 sidered as more fundamental. If we should consider z, z, and g as by origin medial surds, there 

 would still remain the contradiction that in the shorter form they lose in voicing. 



When these consonantic changes occur in compositions in which the second part of the 

 compound begins with a vowel, the initial glottal closure brings about a noticeable break. 

 skal- o mani he goes about to play, from ska'ta to play 



In Yankton the weak initial glottalization is anticipated and very brief. Its release coin- 

 cides so nearly with the terminal consonant that it becomes a sonant. There still remains a 

 very weak break. 



Teton Yankton 



'owq'k-'ole 'owq'g.ode to seek a campsite 



wqya'k-'ipi wqyq'g.ipi they arrive there to see it 



katia'p'iye'ya kaha'b.iye'ya he drove it off 



yuhla'l 'iye'ya yuhda'd.iye'ya he scratched it 



In Teton terminal p changes to m after nasalized vowels except when a nasalized vowel 

 follows. 



'iyo'yqpa it is light, 'iyo'yqm-ya he makes it light 

 'i' sqp-\hiyupi we came on past it 



In Yankton the final m remains before nasalized vowels. 



'o%'m '%yu' stqpi we finished wrapping up (the baby) 



In Yankton terminal t becomes n after nasalized vowels, and also before another nasalized 

 vowel. 



kahi'n 'iye'ya he swept it; — kahi'n \yu'stqpi we finished sweeping 



Colloquially the terminal i of the plural pi is dropped. When it follows a nasalized vowel 

 and preceding the future kta, p changes to a weak y, or a nasalized w. 



he' 'cH '%yq wkte' -Che' c'i \yqpikte' we will go there 

 he'c'i ya'wkte'-Che'c'i ya'pikte' they will go there 



In other cases, preceding a k the p is a mere closure of the lips without any release of breath. 

 After a nasalized vowel it becomes either an unvoiced mora nasalized w. 



'eya'p k'e'yas they said, but 



'ec'ii'm k'e'yas, or 'ec'i^w k'e'yas they did so, but 



