Academy of Sciences] 

 No. 2] 



PHONETICS 



13 



§ 12. Compounds 



In stereotyped compounds of stems ending in a consonant followed by a word beginning 

 witb a vowel the initial weak glottal stop of the second word is liable to disappear and the two 

 words form a firm unit. These forms occur when a stem of the type cvc is followed immediately 

 by another with initial vowel. Generally these are compounds of noun and verb. Examples are: 



napo'ktq bracelet (nap- hand, o- in, and -ktq to be bent); — napo' ilekiyapi fluffy seed hair used as tinder 

 with fire drill or for cauterizing (nap- hand, o- in, 'He' to burn, -kiya to make one's own, -pi plural) ; — 

 napo' c'okaya second finger; — napo'g.na handful (nap- 'og.na' in); — napi'yu, by the hand only, 

 without tools (nap- hand, -i by means of, y glide, "q to use) ; — napo'kaske wrist (nap- , o- in , ka 

 instrumental, ska to be tied) ; — napo' yaspuyaya the hand itches (o- in; yaspu yaya to itch) ; — hqpi'ska 

 ankle piece of moccasin (hqp- moccasin, iska'hu ankle bone); — hq'pap'a'-'ec'%pi moccasin game 

 (here hap- and 'ap'a' to strike retain their accents, 'ec'u' to do, -pi plural); — hqpo'kihq to put on 

 moccasins (hqp-, o- in, ki- own, hq to stand); — hupi'yn only by the wings (hup- wing, i- by means 

 of, y glide '% to use); — loli'h'q to work food; i. e., to cook (lot- food i- in reference to, h'q to act); — 

 loli'p'ila to deny food to someone (lot -'ip'i'la to deny); — p'eli'cag.la by the fireside (p'et fire, 

 'ica'g.la by the side of); — p'eli'icu fireshovel ('ii'cu means of taking); — t'at'q'kiyo'take Sitting 

 Bull (name) (t'at'q'k- buffalo bull, 'i'yotaka to sit), (in another name Vat'q'k-'ehqni Ancient Bull, 

 there is no fusion); — mak'o'b.laye flat land; — mak'i'naspe spade (-spa to be broken off); — wali'lop'e 

 oars (wat- boat, i- instrument, 'op'a' to follow 14 ; — t'api'yuk'ape implement for catching ball (t'ap 

 ball, {-instrument yuk^a'pa to catch); — s%gi'yop'eyapi they exchanged it for a horse (Yankton) 

 (s-qk- horse, 'iyo'p'eya to barter, exchange); — sqgo'nazi barn (Yankton), sqk-'o'nazi (Teton) 



Very few cases have been found in which the first part is a verb. 



skali cakisya suffering for want of play, but more commonly skal-'i' cakisya 



§ 13. Doubled Consonants 



When in consequence of the terminal change p comes into contact with a following p or p'; 

 or k with a following k, k* or k'; s, s, h with following s, s, h, the consonant becomes long. There 

 is no release of the first sound. The stop or spirant is held. When followed by a medial, the stop 

 is long; when followed by an aspirate the stop is held and followed by the aspiration, when 

 followed by a glottalized k the glottalization begins in the middle of the stop. 



hqp'a'hi (<Chq'p-pahi) to collect moccasins; — hqp''a'hta (<Chq' p-p'ahta') to tie moccasins in a bundle; — 

 c'ap-'a'ta (<Cc'ap-p'ata') to butcher beavers; — sqk-a'staka (<Csqk-kasta' ka) to whip a horse; — 

 'i'yotak-'i'ya (<i'i'yolak-k'iya) to make sit down; — t'ok-'u to give over a (captive) enemy of 

 somebody; — 'owi'si he orders him to spread the quilts 



§§ 14-18. Eelations Between the k and c Series. 



§ 14. comparative notes 



There is clear evidence in Teton and in all the other Dakota dialects of a tendency to a 

 forward movement of k after the vowels e, i, {. This results in a change of k, k*, k', to c, c\ c'. 

 A comparison of verbs ending in ka and ca in Dakota and other dialects is proof of this tendency. 



to be stiff and hard 



badger 



ground 



to be thick 



to be new 



to snort 



to be bad 



to be squeezed out_ 



elastic 



to sniffle 



to be without 



beans 



sa'ka 



hoka' 



mak'a' 



so'ka 



t % e'ca 



gi'ca 



si'ca 



-skica 



zikzi'ca 



z\'kz\ca 



wani'ca 



'om.ni' ca 



Mandan 



sak 



ma'ka 



Rika 

 ak\ka 

 c\kc\k 

 ici'kcika 

 ma-' mika 

 o' minik 



Winnebaso 



gok' 

 mq 



c'ek' 

 goC- 



si'sik' 



horazi' ' z\k 

 h-qn(k 



Osaee 



ho'ga 

 mifi'k'a 

 soga' 

 tae'ga 



'* The derivation is not clear. 



