ACADEMY OP SCIENCES] PHONETICS 15 



§ 17. INFLUENCE OF PREFIX % 



Nouns with the prefix i- which express instruments change k to c. (See examples p. 43.) 

 An exception is 'ik^q handle, holding or tying strings, derived from k'q sinew. 

 The verbal prefix i- on account of, by means of, as a result of, to, for, against, does not affect 

 the following k, k', or k\ excepting however the instrumental prefix ka-. 



'iki'yut l a to measure, try for another without his sanction; — 'iki'pq to call out an invitation on account 

 of some delicacy to be offered; — 'iki\ to anoint with one's own, as with an ointment;' — (Santee 

 'ini'c'ipazi he opposes thee on account of; 'ik'i'pazi to oppose someone on account of) in Teton 

 more often \' k'ipa ' z\; — 'ik'i'nicapi they tear it apart to nothing; — 'ik'i'yuksa to be cut by something 

 (as thorn, etc.); — 'ik'o'p'a to fear for somebody; — 'ik'u'se the way is blocked (also 'ini'k'use your 

 way is obstructed, because neutral); — 'ik'o'yaka to be fastened to ('ini'k'oyaka you are fastened, 

 because neutral) 



All nouns derived from verbs with initial dative ki retain their k: vni'kizo flageolet (wi 

 woman, kizo' to whistle for someone; — 'iki'cHze weapon (kH'za to fight, kicH'zapi they fight 

 each other); — pte-i'kic'o means of calling buffaloes. 



The prefix kH when expressing "into two parts" (see p. 80) does not change after pronominal i. 



'oni'k'izata your (tongue, etc.) is split (neutral) ;■ — 'ini'k'inicapi they tear you apart (active) 



When expressing the idea of mutual contact it changes after pronominal i, but not after a 

 changed to e (see p. 80). 



wakH'i I pelt him, nic'i'i he pelts thee; — wak'i'ksq I wrestle with someone, nic'i'ksq he wTestles with 

 thee; — 'ok'i'ya he courts her, 'oni'c'iya he courts thee; — nuwe' -k'ipaz\ he contends against him in 

 (a) swimming (contest) ; — 'i'c'ik'iyela near each other 



To this group belongs the dependent verb -kHya (from -ya to cause) to cause someone to do 

 something. It does not change after an a changed to e, but changes to cHya after pronouns 

 ending in i. 



tywe'kHya he made him see; — tywe'nic'iya he made thee see (ra thee) 



'eye'k'iya he made him say it; — 'eye'nic'iya he made thee say it 



yek'i'ya he sends him, yec'i'ya I send you, yec'i'c'iya I send it to you (c'i I-thee) 



The prefix ka- changes after prefixed i. 



'ica'hci to break through by means of; — 'ica'hlaya to peel off by means of; — 'ica'k'oka to make a noise 

 by striking against; — 'ica'b.laska to flatten by means of; — 'ica't'iza to make firm by means of; — 

 'ica'm.na to earn by means of; (also: it snows) 



The prefix i- of local adverbs which expresses reference to a particular place does not change 

 the following k. 



k'iye'la near, 'ik'i'yela near to; — k'qye'la near, 'ik'q'yela near to 19 ; — k'oka'p 20 in front, 'ik'o'kap in front 

 of; — k'ap'e'ya exceeding, 'ik'a'p'eya exceeding by; — ka'k'iya yonder, 21 Y kak'iyatqhq on that side 

 of; — kak'i'yot l q 2i in that direction, 'i'kakHyot'q in that direction from; — kahe'yala 2 ' towards the 

 rear, Y kaheyata towards the rear of; — kaa'k'owap'a 22 a little farther away, 'i'kaak'owap t a a little 

 farther away from; — kakH'yela a little nearer, 'i'kak'iyela a little nearer than; — kat'o'katakiya 

 somewhat towards the front, 'i'kaVokatakiya somewhat towards the front of; — kahu'k'ul some- 

 what downward through the air, 'i'kahuk'ul somewhat downward from; — kaa'iyohpeya somewhat 

 downhill, 'i'kaaiyohpeya slightly downhill from; — 'i'kawqkal somewhat upward in the air from it; — 

 kahe'piya somewhat uphill, 'i'kahepiya somewhat uphill from; — kag.la'kiyq in a horizontal plane, 

 H'kag.lakiyq in a horizontal plane from; — kao'Kmiyq somewhat out of line, 'i'kaoKmiyq some- 

 what out of line from 



10 Synonym of k'iye'la; but ik'q'ye in front of, in the open. 



10 Perhaps originally t'oka'p in front of; t'oka'ta towards the front; t'okaheya first (in time or space). 



21 ka demonstrative. 



si In this and the following examples ka- means "forced". (See p. 47.) 



