16 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Mkmoibs national 



" [Vol. XXIII, 



§ 18. INFLUENCE OF THE DEMONSTRATIVES e, le, he 



The demonstrative pronouns le this near me, he that near you, and the generalized demon- 

 strative 'e require the change of the following k sounds. 



ka'k'a that kind, le'c'a this kind; — to'k'eca what it is like; he'c'eca like that; 'ec'e'ca to be like it; — 

 ka'k'el in that manner, le'c'el in this manner; 'ec'e'l in the right way; — to'k'elya in some way, 

 he'c'elya in that way; 'ec'e'lya in the right manner, — ka'k'etu it is thus, le'c'etu it is this way; 'ec'e'tu 

 it is right so; — ka'k'i over there (definite place), le'c'i over here; — ka'k'iya over there (indefinite 

 place), le'c'iya towards here; — to'k'etkiya which way, he'c'etkiya that way; — ka'kHyatq that side, 

 le'c'iyatq on this side; 'ec'i'yatq from the side mentioned before; — ka! k'iyatqhq from that place or 

 on that side, le'c'iyatqhq from this place or on this side; 'ec'i'yatqhq from the place or on the side 

 already mentioned; — kak'i'yot'q towards that way, lec'i'yot'q in this direction; 'ec'i'yot'q in the 

 aforesaid direction; — ka'k'ii he does that, le'c'ii he does this, 'ec'if.' he does it 



§ 19. Pecularities of Western Dialects 



In the most western Teton dialects the glottalized k' tends to disappear and only the glottal 

 stop remains. In the same dialects si becomes a sonant affricative tl. 



§ 20. Relations Between z, s; z, s, and g, h 



The vocabulary of Dakota shows clear evidence of an ancient sound symbolism. It is not 

 a live process but it may be illustrated by many examples. The three groups z, s; i, s; and g, h 

 indicate three stages of intensit}'. Following is a list of words illustrating the relations between 

 these sounds. 



cvc verbs 230 



—waza surface is temporarily disturbed (like result of a horse pawing the ground) ; — baza (S) 



—waza it is permanently disturbed, lawless; waza ' ze a band of the Ogalala; wo zapi a stew made of many 



ingredients stirred up; baza it is disturbed (S) 



—baga it is twisted (S), crumbled (T) 



—w{za it is bent without breaking, as an elastic twig; ma' za-iviswC zahela pliable iron wire 



-w\ga it is bent in a sharp angle 



—b.laza it is torn in one straight line 



—b.laza it is forced apart so as to produce a strain; p. e., to spread the legs of a person apart. Compare 



(-)zaka it is spread apart, ista'za'ka he is pop-eyed, has a strain in the corners of the eyes 

 —b.laga it spreads out in all directions 

 b.lah'a' it is shaped somewhat spherically (basket, kettle, stout person). Doubtful whether belonging 



to this series 

 —paza it has a thin-skinned blister (or -pqza) 

 -paza it has a thick-skinned blister (or -pqza) 



(—)pi'za it squeaks (as a mouse; the noise of small bubbles in boiling grease) 

 (-)pi'za it is soft and wrinkled 

 *pi'ga it is in the state of forceful bubbling 

 (pih'a); mat'a'pih'a or mak'a'pili'a toad; also used to describe the Badlands; perhaps meaning "rough 



wrinkled as by forceful boiling" 

 (-)ptu' za it is bent forward (T S Y) 



-plvza small pieces are cracked off an object without being broken off 

 —ptuga small pieces are cracked off an object so that they fall off 

 wo'ptuR'a crumbs, scraps 



(r)p'q'za it is porous and soft (like cotton, hay) 

 *p'q'ga it is porous and hard, pithy (p'agi' wild artichoke) 



—m.niza it is curled, contracted, wrinkled, but so that it can be smoothed again 

 —m.niga it is shrunk permanently 



-m.nuza it gives a crunching sound, as snow or something easily broken 

 —m.nuza the same with more resistance 



-m.nuga the same for hard objects, shells, bone, eggshells, corn as chewed by horses 

 wam.nu'h'a thin shells for decorating clothing. (See *nuza) 



un Words with required prefix, indicated by prefixed -, are given without accent because the accent depends upon the number of syllables of the 

 required prefixes. Those with permissive prefix, indicated by prefixed (-), are given accent indicating the accent of the word without prefix. 

 Those which cannot be used with prefixes, indicated by *, are given with accent. 



