20 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [Memoirs National 



L V OL. XAIII, 



p'etq'l on the fire, from p'e'ta-'akq'l fire on top 



hilitq to be rough and absorbent, from hi (or ha skin) fur, -hi^ta to be rough 



c'aiya to talk crying, for c'e'ya-'iya 



c'i'kta to be on the verge of crying, for the regular future c'e'y%kta 



wi'kte a tiavestite, from wi'yqkta he will be a woman 



supu'tc lower abdomen, from supe'hu'te intestine base 



masko'pa bracelet, for mas-sko' pa (iron curved) San tee 



sii'kak'q' horse, from s% ka-wak' q' wonderful dog 



ma' zak'q' gun, from ma'za-wak'q' wonderful iron 



nap'a'hi^ka thumb, from nape hand, t'ahii'ka its elder brother (?) 



In adverbial expressions and conjunctions contractions are very common. Generally both 

 the contracted and the full forms are in use. 



yijfs^yti'k'q's if 



'owe'ki's<^'oive'kina's<C'owe'kinahq's perhaps 



lv{ wcniKlo hnweni never 



to'ksa <to'k'e$a'<itok'e'lukesa' no matter what happens (to'k'etu-ka-esa') bye and bye 



ta'keya-^ta'ku eya' he said something; i. e., he spoke 



ta' kto' k'%<Cta' ku to'k'% he is doing something 



ta'k I'o'ka ' awa' c'isni (adv.) being preoccupied<^a'/cwrai Co'keca ' awa' c'isni anything different he does 



not think of 

 Co'wa's-^it'o k'e'yas first of all, before doing anything else 

 t'oke' ya<Ct' oka' heya (t'oka'-hq-ya) first (adv.) 



io' kc'i' yq<^lo' kel c'i'yq anyway he wishes; i. e., carelessly; reduplicated tokc'i'kc'iyq haphazard (adv.) 

 'iye'sk'aka (western Ogalala), more commonly 'iye'stuk'a but he 

 he'c'ena<Che'c'eg.na immediately 



2. Assimilation 



nazii'spe ax, for mas-ii spe iron ax 



nasc'q'wap'a bridle, for ?nas-c'q'-yap'a 



c'qmii' miipa I smoke, often heard instead of c'qnii mi{pa 



t'ai'tazipa his bow, for t'ai'nazipa (Santee t'i'nazipe) 



it'o'kap, ik'o'kap in front of, before; both forms are used 



hqpsi' sica outworn moccasins, for hqpsi'sica (si foot) 



t K awi'hikpe his arrow, for t'awq,' hjkpe 



ple'ccla to be short, pce'cela 



ple-b.le'ska cattle Ogalala; pte-g .le ska (lit. spotted buffalo) Northern Tetons 



3. Metathesis 



nakp % q wrist, for nap-k'q' hand ligaments 



hqkp'q' moccasin strings, for hqp-k'q' moccasin sinew 



p'qke'ska and k'qpe'ska shells, chinaware (Santee p'qpe'ska) 



sipt'o' and psit'o' edible bulbs (ps{ garlic, onion) 



wqsma'hi for mas-wq' -hi iron arrowhead 



t'uc'u'hu rib; t'ac'u't'uhu ruminant's rib 



hehq'pi night, for hqhe.'pi 



'it l u'se (Teton), for 'isu't K e (Santee) at all costs, in spite of everything; from sut'a' (Santee) to fail, miss 



ana' (wa)goptq for anq'goplq (I) obey, from n%'ge eai, 'o'plq<i'ayu' ptq to turn towards 



witko' to be irresponsible (drunk, mad, immature, etc.) from 'ikto' the mythological trickster 



In Assiniboine there is a frequent metathesis of Teton tk to kt and the reverse. 



tka' (T), kta (A), heavy; — yatkq' (T),yaktq' (A), to drink; — yai'tk% (T) to ignite by means of mouth, 

 iktti (A) to blaze; — kta (T), tka (A), future 



4. Substitution. 



mi ostake blunt arrow, wi' woslake 



5. Minor dialectic differences: 



Terminal / of Teton corresponds to n of the eastern dialects. In other positions eastern d 

 corresponds to Teton I. The clusters h.l and g.l of Teton correspond to Santee m.d and h.d, and 

 to Yankton b.d and kd. Teton g.n corresponds to Santee h.n and Yankton kn; Teton gw to Santee 

 h.b and Yankton kb; g.m to h.m and km respectively. Santee uses tp and kp indiscriminately; 

 Teton has always kp; tp does not occur. 



