ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ] PHONETICS 21 



Western Ogalala tends to omit initial k': 



'% for h'%; — 'eyas for k'e'yas 

 Yankton and eastern Teton substitute occasionally h for y: 



wak'q'heza, wak'q'yeza children, t'asna'heca, t'asna'yeca gopher; t'ak'q'heca, t'ak'q'yeca raspberry 



§ 23. ACCENT 



Stress accent plays an important role in Dakota. We may distinguish between accented 

 words and unaccented parts of speech, enclitics and proclitics and others so firmly united with the 

 accented parts of speech that they may be written as suffixes or prefixes. Some of these enclitics 

 may under special conditions become accented. Syllables bearing the main accent have a high 

 pitch. In rapid speech discrimination between accented and unaccented syllables or those 

 having a secondary accent may be recognized more readdy by pitch than by stress. Miss 

 Deloria decides in all doubtful cases the question whether the syllables are accented or not, by 

 pitch. 



The accent is not firmly attached to any particular syllable, but has a definite relation to the 

 position of the syllable. In by far the greatest number of derivative forms the accent is on the 

 second syllable; p. e.: 



lowq' he sings; walo'wq I sing; — yazq he is sick; Hya'zq he is sick on account of 



A large number of stems are of the form vc, cvc or ccvc the number of terminal consonants 

 being restricted. In finite form these stems end in a and by far the greatest number have the 

 accent on the stem syllable. In contrast to the first group there are a large number of bisyllabic 

 stems of the types cvccv or ccvccv vccv, (not as numerous as the cvc stems), most of which 

 have the accent on the second syllable. (See pp. 26 et seq.) 



When an unaccented initial vowel or syllable ending in a vowel is contracted with a following 

 vowel, accented or unaccented, the initial syllable carries the accent. This is due to the fact 

 that the second vowel, on account of its position would take the accent, if the syllables were 

 not contracted. 



'e't'i arriving there he camps, contracted from 'ai't'i: — wa'paha war-standard, contracted from wa-'apa'- 

 ha; — ho'puza desert, contracted from he'-opu'za 



In many cases the vowels % and i have originated by contraction: e. g. h'li' (ma)t'a<C.h'q-o-t'a 

 to be tired out by action; h\' {wa)kpani (<ih'q-o'hpani) to fail to finish. For this reason many 

 retain the accent on the first syllable when it might be expected to shift to the second syllable. 

 (See p. 77, § 74.) 



'it' (ma) si (I am) pitiable; — \'(ma)t'-q (I am) injured; — 'it'(ma)cihisni (I am) indolent; — 'y.'(ma)c\nica 

 (I am) frightened "stiff"; — nit'R(ma)pq (I have) ringing of ear; — 'q'(wq)c'a (I) imitate, mock; — 

 'it' (wa)kce (I) break wind; — 'i'(ma)skokeca (I am) as large as; — c'i'kta (<C.c'e'yikta ?) to fret 



There are however other words with %, in the first syllable which have the accent on the 

 second syllable. 



\cx grandmother; — 'qg.na'ga space on each side of door; — \g.na suddenly; — '■qhce'gila a mythical 

 monster; — ttkte'hi S water monster; — 'qkce faeces (of. \'kce to break wind); — \md another 

 one; — \p'q female elk; — \pi tail of bird; — '%psi za mud 



In compound words the accent is on the second syllable and, if the first part of the com- 

 pound is bisyllabic, the second part has its normal accent as a very weak secondary accent. If 

 the first part is monosyllabic the accent is on the first or second syllable of the compound ac- 

 cording to syntactic rules. (See pp. 67 et seq.) 



c'e'ga-t'q^ka large kettle, c'eh-t'q'ka a big kettleful; — maka'-'ok'a" to dig for skunks; — c'q-pa'ile to make 

 fire with a fire drill; — he'-c'iska horn spoon; — pte'-oyate buffalo people 



Neutral and active reduplicated verbs of the type cvc differ also in accentuation, the neutral 

 verbs having the accent on the second, the active verbs on the first syllable. (See p. 37.) 



ksa'pa to be wise ksaksa' pa sloslo' to be soft and slimy 



ka'ga to make ka'hkaga so'so to cut in thin strips 



182236°— 41 3 



