26 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [memoirs national 



L \ OL. XXIII, 



The second class has the forms v, cv, or ccv when monosyllabic. In bisyllabic stems the 

 first syllable has the same form, the second syllable of almost all those ending in a has the type 

 ccv, provided we interpret the aspirates p' t\ c' &' and the glottalized p', V, c', k' as double con- 

 sonants. (See p. 5.) The whole class will be designated as cv and cvccv. When reduplicated 

 the monosyllabic stem is repeated. In bisyllabic stems the second syllable is repeated. The 

 terminal a of the stems with terminal vowel is treated differently from the a of the cvc verbs. 

 All this suggests that these bisyllabic stems must be considered as consisting of two parts, each 

 ending in a vowel, while all the cvc stems end in a single consonant. 



§ 26. STEMS WITH TERMINAL CONSONANT, CVC 



The verbs of the type cvc may be divided into two groups. The former contains verbs 

 expressing states or qualities. These take the neutral pronouns ma- I, ni- thou as subjects; 

 the latter contains active verbs which have for their subjects to- I, ya- you. Some of these 

 never take instrumental prefixes. These are marked with an asterisk (*). Others may take an 

 instrumental prefix; these are marked (-). Still others require an instrumental prefix when used 

 as verbs, these are marked -. Some may be used with or without a locative prefix. In this case 

 the locative prefix is placed in parentheses (o), (a), (i). When the locative prefix is required it 

 has no parentheses. Most of these have the accent on the vowel of the cvc stem. 



Examples of neutral verbs: 



{-)b.le'za to be sane; — *c'e'pa to be fat; — (-)(o)k'a'ta to be warm; — {-)t'a'ga to be hard and rough; — 

 (-)t'ci'ka to be large 



There are large numbers of these. A small number have the accent on the second syllable. 



(-)sula hard, firm; — *yqka to sit; — *ynka to recline (-) wqka' Yankton; -%ka to be in horizontal 

 position; — *t'eca' to be lukewarm; — (-)smaka deep (as a valley); — *p'ica' to be fairly good;— 

 *zica' to be rich; — *Rpeca'sni to be full of life, action (sni not) 



Examples of active verbs: 



*go'pa to snore; — *g.ntn'ka to set traps; — *kr{ za to pretend; — *ka'ga to make; — (-)psi'ca to jump 



§ 27. VERBS OF THE TYPE CV 



A considerable number of monosyllabic verbs both static and active end in a vowel. Ex- 

 amples are: 

 Neutral: 



*sa red; ksa to be coiled; to be collapsed; — (-)sma deep (as snow, water); — (-)sW to be oozing out 



of an opening; — (-)ksa to be severed 



Active: 



*'u' to come; — *'i" to arrive there; — *k'u to give; — *la' to demand 



§ 28. VERBS OF THE TYPE CVCV 



Most bisyllabic stems the second syllable of which begins with a consonantic cluster as well as 

 those having a single consonant beginning the second syllable have their accent on the second 

 syllable, unless the first syllable is formed by a contraction of two syllables. 



Although words of more than two syllables cannot always be analyzed it seems all but cer- 

 tain that they are by origin compounds. 



Analysis is often made difficult by the tendency of Dakota to modify stems by dropping 

 consonants and by metathesis. Considering the ease with which words for objects of European 

 manufacture have been coined, it seems remarkable that the consciousness of their derivation 

 should disappear so quickly. Instances are the transformation of mas- iron, into naz- in the word 

 nazif'spe ax, or in older words nakp t q.' wrist for napk^q', etc. (See p. 20.) 



