Academy op Sciences] MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 27 



Bisyllabic verbs with accent on first syllabic (see also p. 37). 

 Active verbs (prefixing pronoun): 



*hpa'ya to lie; — *nu'ni to stray; — (r)c'e'ya to cry; — (-)ske'hq {<_skq-hq ?) to be obstreperous 

 Neutral verbs (prefixing pronoun): 



wq'k'a to be fragile, delicate; — hq'ska to be long, tall; — ci'k'a to be small (see p. 37) ; — co'nala to be few; — 

 slo't'a to be slippery with grease; — sa'k'a to be raw (vegetables); — ya'm.ni three; — za'ptq five; — 

 sa'kpe six 



Active verbs (infixing pronoun): 



ma'-ni to walk; — na'-z{ to stand (animate); — \'-kce to break wind 



Neutral verbs (infixing pronouns): 



wi'-yq she is a woman; — le'-c'a; he'-c'a, ka'-k'eca; to'-k'eca it is this; that kind; some kind; — le'-c'ecait is 

 like this; — h\'-t'a {<C.h' q-o-t' a) to be exhausted, tired out by action; — wa'-p'i «wa-a-p'i) to be lucky 



List of some bisyllabic verbs accented on the second syllable. 

 Active verbs: 



*c'ap'a' to stab; — *c'op'a' to wade (transitive); — {-)sig.la' to resent, mourn (g.la to abhor); — *sut'a' 

 to miss aim in shooting (no object); — *nahma to hide; — *nap'a' to run off, flee; — *p'ahta' to tie 

 into a package; — *k*ap'a to beat in a race; — *h'qyq to suffer in the extreme; to be dying; — *'ap'e' 

 to wait for 24 ; — (-)c'esK' to defecate; — *c'et'i' to build a fire; — (-)wacH' to dance; — ^litani' to labor, 

 work, toil; — *c K ok'i' to roast in ashes; — *hig.nu to singe hair, feathers off hide; — H'oksu to take 

 from one place to another in loads 25 ; — *c l ok% to plan to kill someone; — *man% to steal; — *k'uwa' 

 to pursue; — Howq to sing; — *k%yq' to fly; — *k'ute' to shoot at; — *kagi to respect authority, to be 

 in awe 



Neutral verbs: 



(-)c'qze to be angry; — (-)ile' to burn; — (-)^spe' to learn to do; — (-)g.leska' to be spotted; — (-)b.laska 

 to be flat, level; — (-)k'uk'a' to rot, disintegrate; — (-)wak'q' holy; — (-)wasie' good, beautiful; — 

 (-)siWj' imperfect; — {-)pem.ni' twisted out of its proper shape; — {-)CqV to show, to be manifest; — 

 (.-)h'qhi' to be slow, inactive, late; — *su«V ripe, to bear fruit 



A large number of stems of this class can be shown to be compounds and it does not seem 

 improbable that all may have been compounds by origin. 

 Examples of compounds are: 



c'oky,' to plan to kill someone (c'o core, flesh; k%' to covet) ; — h'ti't'a to be exhausted (h'q-o-t'a by action 

 in to be dead); — h'ti'hiya to be able to do something (h'q-ohi-ya to act- to be able to attain- to 

 cause); — suCtf to bear fruit (su seed; t'% to bring forth) 



In many cases only one part of the bisyllabic is known. 



t'oksu' to load and take loads to a distant place (t'o perhaps from t'ok different, ksu to pile up); — 

 c'esli' to defecate (sli squeezed out of a small opening); — c'cq'pa to roast over or by a fire ('%'pa 

 to lay down); — c'ok'i' to roast in ashes (c'o fleshi; — wat'a'kpa 26 to go to attack {'o'kpe, adv., wel- 

 coming); — p'aka'h/qka to nod in assent (p'a head, ka- prefix); — c'qze' to be angry (c'qt- heart); — 

 b.laska' to be flat, level (b.la level) ; — g.leska to be spotted (g.le contrasting colors?) ; — waste' good, 

 beautiful (sle peculiar, masle' sunny, bright weather); — p'ahta to tie a bundle (p'a head[?]; p'a- 

 p'ahtapi doll (head tied in bundle) ; — vnnu'hca V old woman {wi- woman, lica very, real) ; — t'qg.lu- 

 sasa 2S weak from fright {t'q body?) 



Others cannot be analyzed at all, e. g. 



t'ehi' difficult; — witko' foolish (metathesis from 'ikto' the trickster); — htani' to toil [htaya'ni you 

 toil; waya' htani you sin) ; — haki'kta to look back 29 ; — yazq to feel pain 



A number of these must be very old bisyllabics because they appear in many remote dialects; 

 p. e., ma'ni to walk, man%' to steal, in Dakota, Mandan, Winnebago, Ponca. 



" Probably with locative prefix. 



» km to pile on, apply, embroider with beads. 



ja For wa see p. 52. 



" For lica see p. 57. 



38 g.lu- from yu- see p. 87; sa (unknown stem, duplicated). 



» For ki see p. 88. 



