28 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [MEM TvoL A xxin 



For a further discussion of this subject see p. 78 et seq. 



Although the distinction between cvc and cv stems is fundamental, there are a number of 

 cases in which verbs of the type cvcv are misinterpreted as cvc verbs. (See p. 37.) There are 

 a number of cv stems which are clearly related to cvc stems ending in a, but there is no indication 

 of a definite meaning of the second syllable. 



-ka, (-ca) 



-g.mi ground is clear of vegetation, trees; -g.mica hair is being pulled 



-g.mu to be twisted; g.mu'ka to trap in a sling 



(-)stasta' to be slimy wet; sta'ka to be jellylike 



-g.na (adv.) in, on, among (with locative prefix); g.na'ka to have something placed, laid by 



-ta 



-pa 



-ga 



-ff<l 



-ga to stick out (a'ga-ihpa^ya to fall sprawling (in diving) ; yuga'ga sticking out in many direc- 

 tions); — gala to have branches, limbs extended 



-ski to be gathered in ruffles, ground is rough with hills and gullies; {-)skita to be ridged, skiski'ta 

 to be corrugated 



gi' brown, rust; ho'gita to have a hoarse voice (?) 



po' to swell, -po'ta to float, to wear out (?) 



'oya'he water has evaporated, is absorbed in ground; yahe'pa to exhaust water by drinking 



ga to stick out; -gapa to flay (?) 



*lo' to be fresh (meat, hide); (-)lo'pa to be soft (lolo'pa like meat overcooked) 



-ska to adhere in a wad or clump; iya'skapa to cling to 



'y.' (active) to be; (neutral) to use; \'pa (active) to lay down; (neutral) to smoke 



(c*q)ksi' to feel ill-tempered; -ksi'za to be hot-headed 



-g.mu to be twisted; -g.mu za to be twisted together 



kalu to fan {-lu perhaps: air is moving); kalu'za to flow as a stream or current of air 



(-)sra'' to cool off, to die down (as a fire); sni'za to collapse 



-t'o to press; t'o'syela (adv.) with the sound of a sudden impact of two hard, unelastic bodies 



kiff to covet; ky'za to decree 



kpa' to be gauged out; kpa'za it is dark (?) 



po' to swell; naka'po to get full of air; napo'ga to rise, expand (like dough) 

 -hmu' to buzz; Rmu'ga to bewitch (by sending missile through the air) 



po'gq to inflate by blowing 



§ 29. Nominal Stems 



A number of nominal stems are of the type cvc, analogous to verbal stems. Those with 

 accent on the first syllable end in medial stops or voiced fricatives like the corresponding class of 

 verbs, while among those with accent on the second syllable there are a few ending in p'a. Some 

 nouns of the type cvc with accent on the second syllable have the ending e instead of a. Ex- 

 amples of these groups are: 



c'a'pa beaver; — ma'ga field; — maka' skunk; — naca' war chief; — nape' hand; — c l aze' name 

 For a further discussion of these nouns see pages 35 et seq. 

 There are many monosyllabic nouns of the type cv. Examples are: 



p'a' head; — p'e' elm; — pie' buffalo; — hi' tooth; — ioi' sun, moon; — cV kernel, core; — ho' voice; — hu' 

 leg; — sii feathers, wing; — s\ suet 



Bisyllabic and polysyllabic nominal stems are numerous. Although many of these can be 

 shown to be compounds many others defy analysis. Obvious compounds are: 



c'qp'a choke cherry (c'q tree, p'a bitter) ; — wip'a tipi flaps (wi tipi, p'a head) ; — t'ak'q' sinews (t'a 

 ruminant, k'q sinew, vein) 



