academy of Science MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX 29 



In other cases the uniformity of the second syllable in certain nouns suggests a composition. 

 Examples are nouns in ska. 



'iska' ankle; — c'eska' front of chest; — c'iska', k'(ska' spoon; — k'oska' young man (see k*oyan% vigorous, 

 'oh'q'-k'o quick of action); — c'qska' woodpecker; — g.nug.nu'ska grasshopper; — wab.lu'ska beetle 

 (see Santee wamdu'da maggots); — paVoska whippoorwill; — Vazu'ska ant; — matu'ska crawfish 

 (also matu'); — gnaska' frog; — t'oska' brother's son, woman speaking; — t'%ska' sister's son, man 

 speaking 



Comparatively few bisyllabic verbs have this ending. 



skiska' tortuous (stem, ski-, skit- rough, in many small folds) ; — g.leska' spotted {'ag.le'ska lizard) ; — 

 b.laska' flat, wide and flabby (said of face or hips; b.la level) 



§§ 30-35. CHANGE OF TERMINAL a TO e or i 



§ 30. Conditions Under Which a Changes to e or % 



Terminal a and q of verbs change to e when followed by — 

 ya adverbial ending (itself changes to ye) 

 sni not 



s'a regularly (itself does not change) 

 s'e as though 



ca (doubtful meaning, itself does not change) §56 

 ki, so ci the 



k'i(, 30 c'% the past, the aforesaid 

 kihq 30 c\hq the — then (when, future) 

 k'uhq', 30 c'tihq' the past — then (when, past) 

 k'ehq' 30 c'ehq' Yankton and Santee 

 k'es 31 c'es 1 wish that! 

 k'e'yas 31 c'e'yas, 'e'yas but 

 fica (itself changing to hce), hc\ very 

 ka 31 ca a kind of, rather (itself changes) 

 la diminutive (itself does not change) 

 lak r a evidently — , for (itself does not change) 

 se'ca probably (itself changes to se'ce) 



' closing the sentence ; in Y terminal a does not change before terminal ' 

 so conversational interrogative 

 Sentences may also close with ye, ye lo, ye le. (See pp. 109 et seq.) The ye contracts with 

 changeable a to e. The same happens with ye sq' but, nevertheless, which after changeable a 

 becomes e sq'. The terminal q of sq does not change (see p. 145). 



The particles enumerated above never take an accent except k'e'yas, k'y,hq , k'ehq', sq', se'ca 

 and the particles closing declarative statement and imperatives. 



The future kta and the conjunction nq and, change the preceding terminal a when change- 

 able to \. 



Verbs that end in unchangeable a or in other vowels retain ye before the declarative end- 

 ings lo, le, also when le is omitted; before sq but, and lak'a evidently . . . for. Following 

 stems in u, it, o the y changes to w. 



hi' ye lo' he has arrived here (man speaking) 



'ap'e'ye le' he is waiting (woman in soliloquy) 



'ap*e'yesq' he waited for him, but — ('ap'e'sq he struck him, but — , the former from 'ap'e' to wait, the 



latter from 'ap'a' to strike) 

 waste'ye lak'a he must be good, for 



w. 3i Initial fc sounds change to c sounds after change of a to e. 



