30 DAKOTA GRAMMAR [memoibs national 



[VOL. XXIII, 



After u: 



maga' zuwe lo' it is raining (man speaking) 



maga' zuwe' (woman speaking) 



p'o'welak'a it must have been foggy, for 



'u'we lo' he is coming (man speaking) 



k'u'iresq' akta sni' he gave it to her but she refused it 



The plural pi is contracted with ye to pe' . 



wand hi' pe' now they have arrived (woman speaking) 



§ 31. Verbs That Do Not Change Terminal a 



Not all stems change terminal a, but no generally valid rules can be given that would allow a 

 classification of stems according to definite principles. The number of cvc verbs that do not 

 change is small. 



A generally valid rule is that reduplicated verbs of the cv or cvcv type do not change their 

 terminal a. Reduplicated forms insert ye after a where required (see §149, 2, p. 109). 



hq'skalo, hq'skaskayelo' it is long, they are long 



A few verbs in q also change q to e under the same conditions that govern the change in 

 verbs in a. 



Where necessary for the sake of clarity verbs with variable a are designated by the letter v, 

 those invariable by iv. 



Following is a list of verbs that do not change terminal a or q: 



Verbs of the type cvc 

 (Arranged according to terminal consonant) 



Accent on first syllable. 



'q'pa it is daytime; — to' pa four; — wq'pa two; — 'o'ta many; — pi'ta to be deliberate; — lu'ta scarlet, red used 

 ceremonially, 'olu'luta or 'oli'lita warm (weather); — 'oso'ta to become full of smoke inside; — ■ 

 (— )l*e'ca new; — *se'ca to be weathered, blanched, as old wood, bone, grass; — -kseca to double up, 

 as in a spasm; — (-)t'q'ka large; — c'a'ga to form ice, to congeal 'ac'a'hc'aga there is ice on it 

 here and there; — gti'ga (adv.) eyes half-closed, proudly ('omq'gii'ga I awaken [neutral] changes; 

 'ista'gt(ga to be blind, does not change) 



Accent doubtful on account of inseparable prefixes. 



'ayu'ta to look at; — (ma)c'uwi'ta (I) feel the cold; — 'oya'za ('ob.la'za 1st person) to string beads, fish; — 

 l'a(wa')gosa (I) spit {Cage' saliva), or t'aiwa^sosa which has variable a; — 'owa'za to be near to, 

 'iyo'waza to have a right to (property, privileges), 'owa'zasni it is not the proper time yet, to have 

 no relation to; — '"u (ma)c'ifnica (I am) hesitant (ni'ca to lack, neutral verb); — ,{ qz\ca bob tailed; — ■ 

 (-)wasa'ka cheap, yuwd saka to undervalue, minimize, wasa'kala it is cheap 



Accent on second syllable. 



*hepa' to meet in a struggle, to lock horns? (he' horn); — (-)suia' to be hard, firm, solid; — *hpeca'sni 

 to be full of life and action; — t'eca' lukewarm; — p'ica' to be fairly good; — (-)zica' rich; — kic'i'ca 

 he is with him (we'cHca I am with him, kic'i' with one, 'op with many); — {-)smaka' deep (as 

 a hollow, valley), 'o'smaka it dips in, ta'kuni ica'smakasni nothing penetrates him, he is thick 

 skinned; — *b.loka' male 



haka' (reduplicated haka'ka) to have branches, many angles, and (-)swaka' (reduplicated 

 swaka'ka) to be fringed, frayed (see swa fringed, frayed) are not cvc verbs. 



Verbs in ta change terminal a 



An exception is niya' to breathe, which does not change {wani'ya I breathe) ; niwa'ya I cause 

 him to live, changes. 



